253 biographies were distributed: Ernest J. Wessen, "Campaign Lives of Abraham Lincoln, 1860: An Annotated Bibliography," Papers in Illinois History, 1937, pp. 188220, is authoritative. Howells's biography is important not merely because its author was to become a distinguished novelist but because Lincoln, at the request of S. C. Parks, went over a copy of the biography and corrected it. That copy has been published as W. D. Howells, Life of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, Ill: Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation, 1938). The autobiography Lincoln prepared for Scripps is in CW, 4:6067. See also Grace Locke Scripps Dyche, "John Locke Scripps, Lincoln's Campaign Biographer: A Sketch Compiled from His Letters," JISHS 17 (Oct. 1924): 333351.

253 children into slavery: CW, 4:112.

253 "to the charge": CW, 4:86.

253 "fairly with all": CW, 10:54.

253 "fairness to all": CW, 4:94.

254 "among its' members": CW, 4:78.

254 "propose to forget": CW, 4:54.

254 "as he is": WHH to Lyman Trumbull, June 14, 1860, Trumbull MSS, LC.

254 "make no speeches": CW, 4:91.

254 "horse to town": WHH, interview with George M. Brinkerhoff, undated, Lamon MSS, HEH.

254 senator's triumphant procession: George G. Fogg to N. B. Judd, Sept. 11, 1860, Lincoln MSS, LC.

254 dropped the idea: CW, 4:94; George G. Fogg to AL, Aug. 18, 1860, Lincoln MSS, LC.

254 "Wide-Awakes": Nicolay and Hay, 2:284286.

254 "dry, and irksome labor": CW, 4:109.

255 party campaign strategy: See the admirable a.n.a.lysis in Gienapp, "Who Voted for Lincoln?" pp. 5097. For conflicting views on the role played by foreign-born voters in this election, see Leubke, Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln.

255 "surpa.s.sed all expectation": CW, 4:126127.

255 "upon the public": CW, 4:135.

255 raised their hats: WHH to Jesse W. Weik, Nov. 14, 1885, HWC.

256 "was upon me": Paul M. Angle, "Here I Have Lived": A History of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821-1865 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1935), pp. 251253; Welles, Diary, 1:82.

256 the Southern states: For election returns, see Edward Stanwood, A History of the Presidency from 1788 to 1897 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1926), 1:297, and Charles O. Paullin, Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Inst.i.tution, 1932), p. 99.

256 "of the presidency" : John G. Nicolay, memorandum, Oct. 25, 1860, Nicolay MSS, LC.

CHAPTER TEN: AN ACCIDENTAL INSTRUMENT

Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), chaps. 23, offers an excellent, succinct account of Lincoln between his election and the firing on Fort Sumter.

William E. Baringer, A House Dividing: Lincoln as President Elect (Springfield, Ill: Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation, 1945), is a spirited account that, like Harry J. Carman and Reinhard H. Luthin, Lincoln and the Patronage (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), deals extensively with the problems of selecting a cabinet.

Lincoln's policy toward secession and the steps he took in the Sumter crisis have been repeatedly examined by careful scholars. The basic studies are David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1942 [and see also the preface to the 1962 paperback edition]); J. G. Randall, Lincoln the President: Springfield to Gettysburg (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1945); Kenneth M. Stampp, And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 18601861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950); and Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1963). I have offered some evaluation of this controversial literature in notes at the end of the present chapter.