INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES _Pres._ fieri _Perf._ factus, -a, -um _Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um _Fut._ [[factum iri]]

[Ill.u.s.tration: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR]

APPENDIX II

<501.>> RULES OF SYNTAX

NOTE. The rules of syntax are here cla.s.sified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.

_Nominative Case_

<1.>> The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? --36.

_Agreement_

<2.>> A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. --28.

<3.>> A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.

--76.

<4.>> An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.

--81.

<5.>> Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

--65.

<6.>> A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb.

--215.a.

<7.>> A relative p.r.o.noun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. --224.

_Prepositions_

<8.>> A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. --52.

_Genitive Case_

<9.>> The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? --38.

<10.>> The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of >, and is then called the _predicate genitive_. --409.<11.>> Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as _the part.i.tive genitive_. --331.<12.>> Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. --443._Dative Case_ <13.>> The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. --45.<14.>> The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs >, >, >, >, >, >, >, and others of like meaning. --154.<15.>> Some verbs compounded with >, >, >, >, >, >, >, >, >, >, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. --426.<16.>> The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning _near_, also _fit, friendly, pleasing, like_, and their opposites. --143.<17.>> The dative is used to denote the _purpose_ or _end for which_; often with another dative denoting _the person or thing affected_.--437._Accusative Case_ <18.>> The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? --37.<19.>> The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. --214.<20.>> The _place to which_ is expressed by > with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, >, and > the preposition is omitted. ----263, 266.<21.>> _Duration of time_ and _extent of s.p.a.ce_ are expressed by the accusative. --336.<22.>> Verbs of _making, choosing, calling, showing_, and the like, may take a _predicate accusative_ along with the direct object. With the pa.s.sive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. --392._Ablative Case_ <23.>> _Cause_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? --102.<24.>> _Means_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? or With what? --103.<25.>> _Accompaniment_ is denoted by the ablative with >. This answers the question With whom? --104.<26.>> The ablative with > is used to denote the manner of an action. > may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? --105.<27.>> With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the _measure of difference_. --317.<28.>> The ablative of a noun or p.r.o.noun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circ.u.mstance.This is called the _ablative absolute_. --381.<29.>> 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. --444.2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. --445.<30.>> The ablative is used to denote _in what respect_ something is true. --398.<31.>> The _place from which_ is expressed by