<393.>> The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are

>, _choose_ > } _call_ > } >, _make_ <394.>> EXERCISES I. 1. In Germaniae silvis sunt[1] multa genera ferarum quae reliquis in locis non visa sint. 2. Erant[1] itinera duo quibus Helvetii domo discedere possent. 3. Erat[1] ma.n.u.s nulla, nullum oppidum, nullum praesidium quod se armis defenderet. 4. Toto frumento rapto, domi nihil erat quo mortem prohibere possent. 5. Romani Galbam ducem creaverunt et summa celeritate profecti sunt. 6. Neque erat[1] tantae mult.i.tudinis quisquam qui morari vellet. 7. Germani non ii sunt qui adventum Caesaris vereantur. 8. Consulibus occisis erant qui[2] vellent c.u.m regem creare.9. Pace facta erat nemo qui arma tradere nollet. 10. Inter Helvetios quis erat qui n.o.bilior illo esset?

II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called Rome by the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him king. 4. The brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There was no one [3]to call me friend. 6. These are not the men to[4] betray their friends. 7. There were (some) who called him the bravest of all.[Footnote 1: Remember that when the verb > precedes its subject it is translated _there is_, _there are_, _there were_, etc.][Footnote 2: >, _there were_ (some) _who_. A wholly indefinite antecedent of > does not need to be expressed.][Footnote 3: A relative clause of characteristic or description.][Footnote 4: See --389.b.]> LESSON LXX THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION _c.u.m_ THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION <395.>> The conjunction > has the following meanings and constructions: > TEMPORAL = _when_, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive > CAUSAL = _since_, followed by the subjunctive > CONCESSIVE = _although_, followed by the subjunctive As you observe, the mood after > is sometimes indicative and sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study of the following sentences: 1. >, _I saw Caesar at the time when I was in Gaul_.2. >, _Caesar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace_.3. >, _this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds_.4. >, _though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground_._a._ The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf.--389.a). When the > clause states a fact and simply _fixes the time_ at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, > fixes the time when I saw Caesar._b._ On the other hand, when the > clause _describes the circ.u.mstances_ under which the main act took place, the subjunctive mood is used. So, in the second example, the princ.i.p.al clause states that Caesar made an attack, and the > clause describes the circ.u.mstances under which this act occurred. The idea of _time_ is also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of _description_.Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of _cause_ and we translate > by _since_; sometimes it denotes _concession_ and > is translated _although_.<396.>> RULE. >. _The conjunction > means >, >, or > and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place._ NOTE. > in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with the indicative.<397.>> Note the following sentences: 1. >, _the town was small in size but great in population_.2. >, _the man was weak in body but strong in courage_._a._ Observe that >, >, >, and <398.>> RULE. > something is true._ <399.>> IDIOMS >, _to be informed_ (lit. _to be made more certain_) >, _to give a right of way, allow to pa.s.s_ >, _to give hostages to each other_ <400.>> EXERCISES I. 1. Helvetii c.u.m patrum nostrorum tempore domo prefecti essent, consulis exercitum in fugam dederant. 2. c.u.m Caesar in Galliam venit, Helvetii alios agros petebant. 3. Caesar c.u.m in citeriore Gallia esset, tamen de Helvetiorum consiliis certior fiebat. 4. c.u.m Helvetii bello clarissimi essent, Caesar iter per provinciam dare recusavit. 5. Legatus c.u.m haec audivisset, Caesarem certiorem fecit. 6. c.u.m principes inter se obsides darent, Romani bellum paraverunt. 7. Caesar, c.u.m id nuntiatum esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci. 8. Ne virtute quidem Galli erant pares Germanis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque animo infirmus erat.10. Illud bellum tum incepit c.u.m Caesar fuit consul.Observe in each case what mood follows >, and try to give the reasons for its use. In the third sentence the > clause is concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal.II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when (>) I was at Rome. 2. Though the hors.e.m.e.n were few in number, nevertheless they did not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other, we shall inform Caesar. 5. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in language and laws.LESSON LXXI VOCABULARY REVIEW THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE THE PREDICATE GENITIVE <401.>> Review the word lists in ----510, 511.<402.>> > Suppose we had to translate the sentence _By overcoming the Gauls Caesar won great glory_ We can see that _overcoming_ here is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in _-ing_, and that the thought calls for the ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of corresponding meaning, called the >, declined as a neuter of the second declension in the _genitive_, _dative_, _accusative_, and _ablative singular_, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun _overcoming_, we should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases, as follows: _Nom._ >, _overcoming, to overcome_ INFINITIVE _Gen._ >, _of overcoming_ } _Dat._ >, _for overcoming_ } _Acc._ >, _overcoming_ } GERUND _Abl._ >, _by overcoming_ } Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin > [Footnote 1: Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an accusative.]<403.>> The gerund[2] is formed by adding >, to the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown below: