1. George P. Shultz, George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993), p. 128. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993), p. 128.

2. "Popularity of Colombia's Uribe Soars After Rescue," Reuters, July 6, 2008. "Popularity of Colombia's Uribe Soars After Rescue," Reuters, July 6, 2008.

3. Robert G. Joseph, Robert G. Joseph, Countering WMD: The Libyan Experience Countering WMD: The Libyan Experience (Fairfax, VA: National Inst.i.tute Press, 2009). (Fairfax, VA: National Inst.i.tute Press, 2009).

4. Rumsfeld, "Pressure on Terrorists," January 17, 2006; Rumsfeld to Pace, "Thoughts on Being in Place for Any Possible Future AQ Movements," January 12, 2006. Rumsfeld, "Pressure on Terrorists," January 17, 2006; Rumsfeld to Pace, "Thoughts on Being in Place for Any Possible Future AQ Movements," January 12, 2006.

5. Condoleezza Rice, interviewed by George Stephanopoulos, Condoleezza Rice, interviewed by George Stephanopoulos, This Week, This Week, ABC, November 11, 2007. ABC, November 11, 2007.

6. Shirin Akiner, "Violence in Andijan, 13 May 2005: An Independent a.s.sessment," Silk Road Paper, July 2005. Shirin Akiner, "Violence in Andijan, 13 May 2005: An Independent a.s.sessment," Silk Road Paper, July 2005.

7. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, "Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 1213 May 2005," July 30, 2005. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, "Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 1213 May 2005," July 30, 2005.

8. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, "Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 1213 May 2005," July 30, 2005. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, "Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 1213 May 2005," July 30, 2005.

9. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, "Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 1213 May 2005," July 30, 2005. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, "Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 1213 May 2005," July 30, 2005.

10. "'Bullets Were Falling Like Rain': The Andijan Ma.s.sacre, May 13, 2005," Human Rights Watch, vol. 17, no. 5(D), June 2005; "Uzbekistan: Lift ing the Siege on the Truth About Andizhan," Amnesty International, September 19, 2005; "The Andijan Ma.s.sacre: One Year Later, Still No Justice," Human Rights Watch, May 11, 2006; "Uzbekistan: Andijan Crisis Aftermath," Human Rights Watch, background doc.u.ment, 2005. "'Bullets Were Falling Like Rain': The Andijan Ma.s.sacre, May 13, 2005," Human Rights Watch, vol. 17, no. 5(D), June 2005; "Uzbekistan: Lift ing the Siege on the Truth About Andizhan," Amnesty International, September 19, 2005; "The Andijan Ma.s.sacre: One Year Later, Still No Justice," Human Rights Watch, May 11, 2006; "Uzbekistan: Andijan Crisis Aftermath," Human Rights Watch, background doc.u.ment, 2005.

11. "Punishment Please," "Punishment Please," The Economist, The Economist, August 27, 2005. August 27, 2005.

12. Press conference of Senators John McCain, John Sununu, and Lindsey Graham, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, May 29, 2005. Press conference of Senators John McCain, John Sununu, and Lindsey Graham, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, May 29, 2005.

13. McCain et al., letter to Rumsfeld, September 19, 2005. McCain et al., letter to Rumsfeld, September 19, 2005.

14. Rumsfeld, letter to McCain, undated. Rumsfeld, letter to McCain, undated.

15. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., "Uzbekistan," July 24, 2005. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., "Uzbekistan," July 24, 2005.

16. Rumsfeld to Jim MacDougall et al., "Congressional Amendment on Uzbekistan," October 18, 2006. Rumsfeld to Jim MacDougall et al., "Congressional Amendment on Uzbekistan," October 18, 2006.

17. Rumsfeld to Cambone, "Uzbekistan," July 27, 2005. Rumsfeld to Cambone, "Uzbekistan," July 27, 2005.

18. R. Nicholas Burns, interviewed by Pahlavon Turghunov, BBC Uzbek Service, August 2, 2005. R. Nicholas Burns, interviewed by Pahlavon Turghunov, BBC Uzbek Service, August 2, 2005.

19. Vladimir Socor, "The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis," published as part of Vladimir Socor, "The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis," published as part of Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 20012005, Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 20012005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia-Caucasus Inst.i.tute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 50. edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia-Caucasus Inst.i.tute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 50.

20. Vladimir Socor, "The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis," published as part of Vladimir Socor, "The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis," published as part ofAnatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 20012005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central AsiaCaucasus Inst.i.tute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 61. edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central AsiaCaucasus Inst.i.tute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 61.

21. Vladimir Socor, "The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis," published as part of Vladimir Socor, "The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis," published as part ofAnatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 20012005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central AsiaCaucasus Inst.i.tute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 62. edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central AsiaCaucasus Inst.i.tute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 62.

22. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Central Asia," July 13, 2006. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Central Asia," July 13, 2006.

23. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Central Asia," July 13, 2006. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Central Asia," July 13, 2006.

24. Rumsfeld to Pace, "Acting on Intelligence," November 7, 2006. Rumsfeld to Pace, "Acting on Intelligence," November 7, 2006.

25. Rumsfeld, "Talk to Hadley about U.S.-Iran Talks," April 3, 2006. Rumsfeld, "Talk to Hadley about U.S.-Iran Talks," April 3, 2006.

26. Rumsfeld to Bush, cc: Hadley, "Thoughts on Syria," July 31, 2006. Rumsfeld to Bush, cc: Hadley, "Thoughts on Syria," July 31, 2006.

27. "Hezbollah Denies Link to Hariri Murder," CNN, May 24, 2009; Ayaz Nanji, "Bush Says Syria Is 'Out of Step,'" CBS News, February 17, 2005. "Hezbollah Denies Link to Hariri Murder," CNN, May 24, 2009; Ayaz Nanji, "Bush Says Syria Is 'Out of Step,'" CBS News, February 17, 2005.

28. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., "Remaining Firm on North Korea," December 26, 2002. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., "Remaining Firm on North Korea," December 26, 2002.

29. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., "Approaching China with a Political Solution on NorthKorea," March 14, 2003. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., "Approaching China with a Political Solution on NorthKorea," March 14, 2003.

30. Max Hastings, Max Hastings, The Korean War The Korean War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 324. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 324.

CHAPTER 44 The Army We Had The Army We Had.

1. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait," December 8, 2004. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait," December 8, 2004.

2. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait," December 8, 2004. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait," December 8, 2004.

3. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait," December 8, 2004. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait," December 8, 2004.

4. Thomas E. Ricks, "Rumsfeld Gets Earful From Troops," Thomas E. Ricks, "Rumsfeld Gets Earful From Troops," Washington Post, Washington Post, December 9, 2004. December 9, 2004.

5. Rick Atkinson, "'The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We've Got to Stop the Bleeding,'" Rick Atkinson, "'The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We've Got to Stop the Bleeding,'" Washington Post, Washington Post, September 30, 2007. September 30, 2007.

6. Rick Atkinson, "'There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve...and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,'" Rick Atkinson, "'There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve...and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,'" Washington Post, Washington Post, October 1, 2007. October 1, 2007.

7. Rick Atkinson, "'The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We've Got to Stop the Bleeding,'" Rick Atkinson, "'The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We've Got to Stop the Bleeding,'" Washington Post, Washington Post, September 30, 2007. September 30, 2007.

8. Rick Atkinson, "'The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We've Got to Stop the Bleeding,'" Rick Atkinson, "'The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We've Got to Stop the Bleeding,'" Washington Post, Washington Post, September 30, 2007. September 30, 2007.

9. Rick Atkinson, "'You Can't Armor Your Way Out of This Problem,'" Rick Atkinson, "'You Can't Armor Your Way Out of This Problem,'" Washington Post, Washington Post, October 2, 2007. October 2, 2007.

10. Rick Atkinson, "'There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve...and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,'" Rick Atkinson, "'There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve...and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,'" Washington Post, Washington Post, October 1, 2007. October 1, 2007.

11. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "Armored Vehicles," December 21, 2004. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "Armored Vehicles," December 21, 2004.

12. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "Meeting AOR Needs," December 14, 2004. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "Meeting AOR Needs," December 14, 2004.

13. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, "Armored Vehicle Issue," December 20, 2004. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, "Armored Vehicle Issue," December 20, 2004.

14. Department of Defense, "Defense Transformation Update," August 2006. Department of Defense, "Defense Transformation Update," August 2006.

15. "USAF Faces Further Push to Boost UAVs in Afghanistan, Iraq," "USAF Faces Further Push to Boost UAVs in Afghanistan, Iraq," janes.com, janes.com, April 24, 2008. April 24, 2008.

16. Caspar W. Weinberger, speech, "The Uses of Military Power," National Press Club, Washington, D.C., November 28, 1984; Colin L. Powell, "U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead," Caspar W. Weinberger, speech, "The Uses of Military Power," National Press Club, Washington, D.C., November 28, 1984; Colin L. Powell, "U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead," Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs, vol. 71, no. 5 (Winter 1992), pp. 32-45. vol. 71, no. 5 (Winter 1992), pp. 32-45.

17. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld," May 8, 2002. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld," May 8, 2002.

18. Armed Forces Journal, Armed Forces Journal, cover page, June 2002. cover page, June 2002.

19. "Crusader Talking Points," May 1, 2002. "Crusader Talking Points," May 1, 2002.

20. "Crusader Talking Points," May 1, 2002. "Crusader Talking Points," May 1, 2002.

21. "DoD-Highlights of Accomplishments: The First Five Years," March 20, 2006; General Wayne Downing to Rumsfeld and Pace, "Special Operations Forces a.s.sessment," November 9, 2005. "DoD-Highlights of Accomplishments: The First Five Years," March 20, 2006; General Wayne Downing to Rumsfeld and Pace, "Special Operations Forces a.s.sessment," November 9, 2005.

22. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, "briefing on SOF," December 10, 2004; Rumsfeld to General Doug Brown et al., "Marines Special Operations Command," February 5, 2005. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, "briefing on SOF," December 10, 2004; Rumsfeld to General Doug Brown et al., "Marines Special Operations Command," February 5, 2005.

23. Francis J. Harvey to Rumsfeld, "Snowflake Response: Army Modularity-Open Issues," February 2, 2005. Francis J. Harvey to Rumsfeld, "Snowflake Response: Army Modularity-Open Issues," February 2, 2005.

24. Robert D. Kaplan, "What Rumsfeld Got Right," Robert D. Kaplan, "What Rumsfeld Got Right," The Atlantic, The Atlantic, July/August 2008. July/August 2008.

PART FOURTEEN The Long, Hard Slog The Long, Hard Slog 1. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace," March 7, 2006. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace," March 7, 2006.

2. Rumsfeld to Edelman, cc: Pace, "U.S. Response to Mosque Attack," February 22, 2006. Rumsfeld to Edelman, cc: Pace, "U.S. Response to Mosque Attack," February 22, 2006.

CHAPTER 45 Hands Off the Bicycle Seat Hands Off the Bicycle Seat 1. Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357.

2. Department of Defense news transcript, "Amba.s.sador Bremer Conference Call with editorial Writers," July 24, 2003. Department of Defense news transcript, "Amba.s.sador Bremer Conference Call with editorial Writers," July 24, 2003.

3. Department of Defense news transcript, "Amba.s.sador Paul Bremer Interview on Department of Defense news transcript, "Amba.s.sador Paul Bremer Interview on Meet the Press, Meet the Press," July 20, 2003.

4. Bremer to Rumsfeld, "Nation-Building: Lessons Learned," May 4, 2003; L. Paul Bremer, interviewed by Tim Russert, Bremer to Rumsfeld, "Nation-Building: Lessons Learned," May 4, 2003; L. Paul Bremer, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, Meet the Press, NBC News, January 15, 2006. NBC News, January 15, 2006.

5. Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357; Rumsfeld to Bremer, "Force Estimate," May 24, 2004. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357; Rumsfeld to Bremer, "Force Estimate," May 24, 2004.

6. Rumsfeld to Myers, cc: Wolfowitz, "Force Estimate for Iraq," May 21, 2004. Rumsfeld to Myers, cc: Wolfowitz, "Force Estimate for Iraq," May 21, 2004.

7. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Iraqi Force Estimate," July 13, 2004. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Iraqi Force Estimate," July 13, 2004.

8. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Iraqi Force Estimate," July 13, 2004. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Iraqi Force Estimate," July 13, 2004.

9. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Iraqi Force Estimate," July 13, 2004. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Iraqi Force Estimate," July 13, 2004.

10. Rumsfeld, "Military Advice," April 26, 2004; Rumsfeld, "Giving Good Military Advice," April 26, 2004. Rumsfeld, "Military Advice," April 26, 2004; Rumsfeld, "Giving Good Military Advice," April 26, 2004.

11. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, "Views from Generals," January 3, 2005. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, "Views from Generals," January 3, 2005.

12. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, "Views from Generals," January 4, 2005. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, "Views from Generals," January 4, 2005.

13. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, "Views from Generals," January 4, 2005. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, "Views from Generals," January 4, 2005.

14. Dave Moniz and Tom Squitieri, "Defense Memo: A Grim Outlook," Dave Moniz and Tom Squitieri, "Defense Memo: A Grim Outlook," USA Today, USA Today, October 22, 2003. October 22, 2003.

15. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "Global War on Terrorism," October 16, 2003. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "Global War on Terrorism," October 16, 2003.

16. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, 2006); President of the United States, (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, 2006); President of the United States, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 2006). (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 2006).

17. William Safire, "Slog," William Safire, "Slog," New York Times, New York Times, November 9, 2003. November 9, 2003.

CHAPTER 46 The Dead Enders The Dead Enders.

1. Eric Schmitt, "A Low-Key Commander With 4 Stars to Tame the Iraqi Furies," Eric Schmitt, "A Low-Key Commander With 4 Stars to Tame the Iraqi Furies," New York Times, New York Times, July 5, 2004. July 5, 2004.

2. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., "Foreign Troops," February 20, 2004. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., "Foreign Troops," February 20, 2004.

3. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "Muslim Force for Iraq," January 3, 2005. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "Muslim Force for Iraq," January 3, 2005.

4. Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 162. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 162.

5. Jonas to Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, "Cost for a Soldier," February 15, 2005. Jonas to Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, "Cost for a Soldier," February 15, 2005.

6. Rumsfeld to Matt Latimer, "Statement on Iraq," October 21, 2004. Rumsfeld to Matt Latimer, "Statement on Iraq," October 21, 2004.

7. Rumsfeld to Franks, cc: Myers, "Codel Restrictions," May 20, 2003. Rumsfeld to Franks, cc: Myers, "Codel Restrictions," May 20, 2003.

8. OSD Policy, "Security Update: Update on Training the ISF," April 21, 2005. OSD Policy, "Security Update: Update on Training the ISF," April 21, 2005.

9. Department of Defense news transcript, "Defense Department Operational Update briefing," April 20, 2004. Department of Defense news transcript, "Defense Department Operational Update briefing," April 20, 2004.

10. Ann Scott Tyson, "Insurgents in Iraq Show Signs of Acting as a Network," Ann Scott Tyson, "Insurgents in Iraq Show Signs of Acting as a Network," Christian Science Monitor, Christian Science Monitor, April 28, 2004. April 28, 2004.

11. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with CNN Live Today," March 8, 2002. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with CNN Live Today," March 8, 2002.

12. Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 127. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 127.

13. Malcolm W. Nance, Malcolm W. Nance, The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency Insurgency (Charleston, SC: Book Surge Publishing, 2007), p. 21. (Charleston, SC: Book Surge Publishing, 2007), p. 21.

14. Edward T. Pound, "Seeds of Chaos," Edward T. Pound, "Seeds of Chaos," U.S. News & World Report, U.S. News & World Report, December 12, 2004. December 12, 2004.

15. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce," August 2, 2005. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce," August 2, 2005.

16. "Fact Sheet: Defining Victory in Fallujah," November 12, 2004. "Fact Sheet: Defining Victory in Fallujah," November 12, 2004.

17. "Purported Al-Zarqawi Tape Declares War on Democracy," a.s.sociated Press, January 23, 2005. "Purported Al-Zarqawi Tape Declares War on Democracy," a.s.sociated Press, January 23, 2005.

18. "Iraq's Lost Election," "Iraq's Lost Election," The Nation, The Nation, January 20, 2005; Rory McCarthy, "Violence Will Not Stop Poll, Says UN Official," January 20, 2005; Rory McCarthy, "Violence Will Not Stop Poll, Says UN Official," The Guardian, The Guardian, January 21, 2005; "Bush confident About Iraq Elections Despite Violence," a.s.sociated Press, January 7, 2005. January 21, 2005; "Bush confident About Iraq Elections Despite Violence," a.s.sociated Press, January 7, 2005.