58 JCC, May 10, 1784; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 319.

59 JBP, Barnes Collection, Department of Maritime, September 1, 1784, Barry to William Smith, September 18, 1784, Seagrove to Barry, October 28, 1784.

60 JBP, Barnes, 5/137, Barry to Keen.

61 Pennsylvania Gazette, November 1784.

62 PA State Archives, AO/13/5/74-25, "Wm. Austin's Loyalist Claim."

63 Pennsylvania Gazette, February 4, 1784.

64 Ibid.

65 David Library, Sol Finestone Collection, William Austin to Barry, April 7, 1786.

66 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Report of Grievance Committee to Supreme Executive Council, 1784.

67 Pennsylvania Gazette, February 4, 1784.

68 Pennsylvania Gazette, February 4, 25, 1784, December 8, 1784; NYHS, Barnes, Personal and Private Correspondence, December 22, 1784.

69 JCC, 1774-1789, January 18, 1785.

70 RMP, vol. 9, 251, "Memorandum of James Read," April 13, 1784.

71 LOC, William Bell Clark Papers, Pet.i.tion of Joanna Young, February 23, 1785.

72 ISM, Nicholas Barry to John Barry, May 31, 1785; From Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 265, A bill for three months tuition of "Mr. [master] Howling 1.2.6 etc."

73 JBP, NY5/138, Jeremiah Teahan to Barry, August 12, 1784.

74 JBP, NY5/139, Mitch.e.l.l to Barry.

75 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Nicholas Barry to John Barry, May 31, 1785.

76 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 60; Smith, The Empress of China, 206; New York Dispatch, May 19, 1785; Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 292. When he approached Canton, Green and the Empress were escorted into Chinese waters by the French man-of-war Le Triton-the same ship that played silent witness to the Duc de Lauzon's flight from the Sybil the year before. Green found Le Triton as sluggish an accompanist as Barry had on board the Alliance. ISM, Log, The Empress of China, July 21, 1784.

77 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 4, 5.

78 Ibid.

79 Pennsylvania Gazette, June 22, 1785.

80 HSP, Christopher Marshall diary; Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 258; Watson, Annals, vol. II, 339.

81 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 7-9; Pennsylvania Gazette, September 21, 1785; JCC, October 21, 1785.

82 HSP Collection, Seagrove to Brown, letters, 1784.

83 LDC, August 20, 1785, Abiel Foster to Unknown.

84 Ibid.; ISM, Barry Memorial to Pennsylvania a.s.sembly, 1783, and to Congress, 1785.

85 Philadelphia City Archives, Settlement Papers, Strawberry Hill, September, 1785.

86 Salter, On Asthma.

87 Rush, A Dissertation on the Spasmodic Asthma of Children, 22.

88 LCOP, Benjamin Rush Journals, 1785.

89 Scudeman, Cases, 100-101.

90 Salter, On Asthma; Scudeman, Cases.

91 LCOP, Benjamin Rush Ledgers; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 328; NYHS, Barnes, NY5-81, French to Barry, March 7, 1786.

92 Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 216; Keane, Tom Paine, 254.

93 Adams quoted in Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 216-218; Franklin quoted in Brands, The First American, 668, 669.

94 LOC, Barry Collection, Society of Cincinnati Certificate; NYHS, James Nicholson to Barry, November 6, 1786; Morison, John Paul Jones, 399.

95 HSP, Charles Roberts Collection, Reed to Barry, January 17, 1786; NYHS, Barnes, NY5-80, Farrell to Barry, March 26, 1786, November 12, 1786; LOC, Barry Collection, Walker to Barry, November 2, 1786.

96 HSP, Fire Company Records, Hibernian Fire Company Minutes, 1763-1923, March 2, 1785.

97 JBP, NY5-48; Barry to Barry, December 19, 1786; David Library, Sol Finestone Collection, Austin to Barry, April 7, 1786.

98 Ellis, His Excellency, 172, 173; Brands, The First American, 677.

99 JBP, Rossiter to Barry, June 11, 1787; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 329.

100 JBP, Rossiter to Barry, June 11, 1787; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 329.

101 JBP, Rossiter to Barry, June 11, 1787.

102 Chandler, "Early Shipping in Pennsylvania," 26; Watson, Annals, vol. II, 339; Wagner, Robert Morris, 108; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 330.

103 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 71; Pennsylvania Gazette, August 22, 1787; JBP, Asia Registration Papers, December 6, 1787; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 330; JBP, John Barry to James Cornish, January 2, 1792.

104 ISM Collection, Portrait of James Josiah by Charles Willson Peale; Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 71, 70; Clark, "James Josiah, Master Mariner," 453; LOC, Barry Collection, Letterbook Asia.

105 JBP, NY5/48, Barry to Barry, November 19, 1787; Josiah to Barry, August 28, 1787; Brewington, "Maritime Philadelphia 1609-1837," 108.

106 Brands, The First American, 674.

107 LOC, GWP, Washington Diary, May 13, 1787.

108 Miller, "The Federal City, 1783-1800," 163.

109 With respects to Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 2.

110 Brands, The First American, 694; APS, BFP, September 18, 1787.

111 Discussion with Carrie Diethorn, Curator of Independence National Park.

112 Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 456; Alberts, "Business of the Highest Magnitude," 49; Seilhamer, "Old Mother c.u.mberland," 44.

113 Burgner, Life and Times of Colonel James McCalmont, 6-14; Seilhamer, "Old Mother c.u.mberland," 44.

114 Pennsylvania Gazette, October 10, 1787.

115 Miller, "The Federal City, 1783-1800," 163.

116 McDonald and McDonald, eds., Confederation and Const.i.tution, 212.

117 Ibid., 60.

118 Ibid., 61; Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, vol. I, 446.

119 McMaster and Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Const.i.tution, 61-62.

120 From Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 274.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE Asia.

1 HSP, Christopher Marshall Diary, September 29, 1787.

2 Burgner, "Life and Times of Colonel James McCalmont," 16; Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, 218.

3 Burgner, "Life and Times of Colonel James McCalmont," 16.

4 McMaster and Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Const.i.tution, 63.

5 Ibid., 64.

6 PA Archives, Colonial Series, vol. XV, 285-287.

7 Ibid.; HSP, Jacob Hiltzheimer Diary, 133, September 29, 1787.

8 Scharf and Westcott, The History of Philadelphia, vol. I, 446; Pennsylvania Gazette, October 10, 1787. One story circulated around Philadelphia that Barry and company actually found Miley in Major Boyd's outhouse.

9 Pennsylvania Gazette, November 19, 1787 and October 10, 1787.

10 Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, 218-219.

11 Pennsylvania Gazette, October 10, 1787.

12 McMaster and Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Const.i.tution, 64.

13 Seilheuer, "Old Mother c.u.mberland," 44.

14 McMaster and Stone, Pennsylvania and the Federal Const.i.tution, 64; Scharf and Westcott, The History of Philadelphia, vol. I, 447.

15 McMaster and Stone, Pennsylvania and the Federal Const.i.tution, 65.

16 Scharf and Wescott, The History of Philadelphia, vol. I, 447.

17 McMaster and Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Const.i.tution, 65, 66.

18 Ibid., 66-67, 70; Scharf and Westcott, The History of Philadelphia, vol. I, 446; Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, 218.

19 Flanders, "Thomas Fitzsimmons," 308; Pennsylvania Journal, October 2, 1787.

20 Pennsylvania Gazette, November 19, 1787.

21 LOC, LDC, Samuel A. Otis to Elbridge Gerry, January 2, 1788; Pennsylvania Gazette, October 10, 1787; PA Archives, Colonial Series, vol. XV, 285-287.

22 PA Archives, Colonial Series, vol. XV, 285-287; Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, 219.

23 Ibid.

24 JCC, December 1, 1787.

25 Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 276-277.

26 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Patrick Hayes Journal; King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 337; "Advanced the people belonging to the Asia he Sums & Articles," quoted from Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 277; Pittsburgh Sunday Dispatch, February 1999.

27 HSP, Customs House Records, Port of Philadelphia, Outward Entries, September 1, 1786-December 29, 1787.

28 LOC, Letterbook, Asia, Morris to Barry, December 10, 1787.

29 LOC, Letterbook, Asia, various letters, December 10-20, 1787.

30 Ibid.; John Barry to Peter Whiteside, December 8, 1787.

31 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 81.

32 Ibid.

33 Doerflinger, A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 216.