230 See d.i.c.kson's _j.a.pan_, p. 294.

231 Those who desire a fuller explanation of this complicated and difficult matter are referred to Dr. Yoshida's _Staatsverfa.s.sung und Lehnwesen von j.a.pan_, Hague, 1890, and to the paper on "The Feudal System in j.a.pan," by J. H. Gubbins, Esq., _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xv., part 2; also to the introduction by Professor Wigmore, _do._, vol. xx., Supplement, p. 25.

232 In the _Legacy of Ieyasu_ will be found the following statement: "The _fudai_ are those _samurai_ who followed me and proffered me their fealty before the overthrow of the castle of Osaka in the province of Sesshu. The _tozama_ are those _samurai_ who returned and submitted to me after its downfall, of whom there were eighty-six."-See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. vii.

_ 233 Ancien j.a.pon_, vol. ii.

234 d.i.c.kson's _j.a.pan_, p. 303.

235 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xiv.

236 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. x.x.xvii.

237 For the general history of the sword, see Mitford's _Tales of Old j.a.pan_, vol. i., p. 70; T. R. H. McClatchie's, The sword of j.a.pan, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., p. 55; Chamberlain's _Things j.a.panese_, 1892, p. 396. For the mode of manufacture, see Rein's _Industries of j.a.pan_, p. 430; and especially for the artistic decoration of swords, see Satow and Hawes' _Hand-book_, p.

114.

238 I have been told by a young Satsuma _samurai_ that when he was a boy it was a test of skill with the sword, to set a chop-stick (which was about six inches long) on its end and before it could fall over to draw a sword from its scabbard and cut it in two.

239 For an account of _hara-kiri_ see the "Story of the Forty-Seven Ronins" in Mitford's _Tales of Old j.a.pan_, vol. i., p. 1.

240 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. x.x.xi.

241 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xxviii.

242 T. R. H. McClatchie, "The Castle of Yedo," _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, p. 131.

243 As ill.u.s.trative of Buddhism at its greatest splendor we give here the figures of the great bronze image of Buddha at Kamakura, and of the great bell at the temple of Daibutsu in Kyoto. [Transcriber's Note: This bell is shown as the Frontispiece to the book.] The former was erected about A.D. 1252 after plans initiated by Yoritomo before his death. The statue in its sitting posture is nearly fifty feet in height. It is constructed of separate plates of bronze brazed together. Formerly it was enclosed in a temple, but this was twice destroyed by tidal waves, and since its last destruction in 1494 it has not been rebuilt.

The bell given in the ill.u.s.tration is that at the temple of Daibutsu, the inscription on which is said to have offended Ieyasu.

It is nearly fourteen feet in height and nine feet in diameter. Its weight is more than sixty-three tons.-See Satow and Hawes'

_Handbook_, p. 368.

244 In the account given by Don Rodrigo de Vivero, the late governor of Manila, of a visit made in 1608 by him in behalf of Spanish trade, Yedo is described as a city of seven hundred thousand inhabitants, and Sumpu, which he calls Suruga, where the emperor (as he denominates Ieyasu) lived, is estimated to contain from five to six hundred thousand inhabitants. He was so pleased with the country through which he travelled that he declares, "if he could have prevailed upon himself to renounce his G.o.d and his king he should have preferred that country to his own."-See Hildreth's _j.a.pan_, etc., pp. 145, 147.

245 These letters were written from j.a.pan between 1611 and 1617. They were printed in part in Purchas' _Pilgrimes_, and are included in the publications of the Hackluyt Society. From the latter source they were printed in pamphlet form by the _j.a.pan Gazette_ at Yokohama, 1879. It is from this last source these references are taken.

246 First letter of Adams in pamphlet edition. Yokohama, 1878, p. 8.

247 This name, Nova Spania or New Spain, was first given to the peninsula of Yucatan, and was afterward extended to the territory of Mexico conquered by Cortez. Finally it was given to all the Spanish provinces extending on the Pacific coast from Panama to Van Couver's island. Acapulco was the princ.i.p.al harbor on the Pacific coast.-See Prescott's _Conquest of Mexico_.

248 Captain c.o.c.ks in his "Diary," contained in Purchas' _Pilgrimes_, part 1, book iv., gives an account of a visit he made to Yedo in 1616, on the business of the English trade, at which time he visited Adams' seat, which he calls "Phebe," doubtless mistaking the sound of the real name "Meni."-See Chamberlain's _Things j.a.panese_, 1892, p. 15.

249 His place of burial was identified in 1872 by Mr. James Walter of Yokohama on a beautiful hill near Yokosuka, where both he and his j.a.panese wife lie buried. His will, which was deposited in the archives of the East India Company in London, divided his estate equally between his j.a.panese and English families. His j.a.panese landed estate was probably inherited by his j.a.panese son. His personal estate is stated at about five hundred pounds sterling.-See _Letters of William Adams_, p. 39.

250 Hildreth's _j.a.pan_, etc., p. 142, quoted from Purchas, vol. i., p.

406.

251 Hildreth's _j.a.pan_, etc., p. 157.

252 See _Letters of William Adams_, No. 1.

253 See Purchas' _Pilgrimes_, part 1, book iv.

254 These privileges are given in full by Hildreth, p. 169, taken from Purchas.

255 Mr. Satow has collected many facts concerning the history of printing in j.a.pan, and among others has shown that printing with movable type in Korea was used as early as 1317, that is one hundred and twenty-six years before the date of the first printed book in Europe.-_Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. x., p. 63.

256 A translation of this doc.u.ment was made by Mr. J. F. Lowder and published in Yokohama in 1874. We are indebted to W. E. Grigsby, Esq., formerly professor of law in the University of Tokyo, for a valuable paper on the _Legacy of Ieyasu_ in which a careful a.n.a.lysis is given and a comparison of its details is made with the provisions for the regulation of early communities elsewhere.-See _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. iii., part 2, p. 131.

257 Ieyasu may have had in mind a shocking example of _junshi_ (dying with the master) which occurred in his own family. Tadayoshi, his fifth son, to whom had been a.s.signed an estate in Owari, died young, and five of his retainers, in order to follow their master, committed _hara-kiri_ in accordance with the old feudal custom. This is believed to have been almost the last instance of the kind, and must have touched Ieyasu very closely.-_Mikado's Empire_, by W. E.

Griffis, D.D., p. 272.

258 Notwithstanding this positive prohibition left by Ieyasu, occasionally the strength of the old feudal habit was too great for the more merciful spirit. It is said when the third shogun of the Tokugawa family (Iemitsu) died, two of the daimyos, Hotta of Sakura and Abe of Bingo, committed _hara-kiri_. Hotta's sword, still stained with blood, is retained in the _kura_ of the daimiate at _Tokyo_, and on the anniversary of the event is shown to the _samurai_, who appear on the occasion in full dress.

259 See _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xx., Supplement, in which Prof. J. H. Wigmore has undertaken to publish the material discovered by him, with a valuable introduction on the "Administrative and Commercial Inst.i.tutions of Old j.a.pan."

260 See Whitney's "Notes on Medical Progress in j.a.pan," _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xii., part 4, p. 276.

261 See a description of this process in Kaempfer's _History of j.a.pan_, and also in Whitney's "Medical Progress," _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xii., part 4, p. 289.

262 See Griffis' _Life of Matthew Calbraith Perry_, p. 296.

263 The term emperor was employed in this letter in accordance with the usage of the Jesuit Fathers, the Dutch writers, and William Adams, all of whom designated the shogun as emperor, although this term could be properly applied only to the Tenno at Kyoto.

_ 264 Official Narrative of the j.a.pan Expedition_, vol. i., p. 80.

_ 265 Official Narrative of the j.a.pan Expedition_, vol. i., p. 231.

266 See the _Official Narrative of the j.a.pan Expedition_, vol i., p. 233 _et seq_; also Griffis' _Life of M. C. Perry_, p. 314 _et seq_; also Bayard Taylor's _India, China, and j.a.pan_, 1855, p. 411 _et seq_.

267 I have received from Mr. F. S. Conover, who was a member of the j.a.pan expedition as lieutenant of the navy, many interesting details of experiences in Yedo which I have incorporated in my account.

268 "The question of landing by force was left to be decided by the development of succeeding events; it was of course the very last measure to be resorted to, and the last that was to be desired; but in order to be prepared for the worst, the Commodore caused the ships constantly to be kept in perfect readiness, and the crews to be drilled as thoroughly as they are in the time of active war."-_j.a.pan Expedition_, vol. i., p. 235.

269 See the _Kinse Shiriaku_, a history of j.a.pan from 1853 to 1869, translated by E. M. Satow, Yokohama, 1876.

270 See Nitobe's _Intercourse between the United States and j.a.pan_, p.

39.

271 See _Treaties and Conventions between j.a.pan and Other Powers_, p.

735.

272 See the _Const.i.tutional Development of j.a.pan_, by Toyokichi Iyenaga, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins Press, 1891, p. 12.

273 See p. 279.

274 See selections from a pamphlet by a German resident at Yokohama given in Mossman's _New j.a.pan_, pp. 142, 143, and quoted in Nitobe's _Intercourse between the United States and j.a.pan_. "The reason the Tyc.o.o.n breaks his promise is because he cannot keep it, and the reason he cannot keep it, is because he had no right to give it."

275 See Nitobe's _Intercourse between the United States and j.a.pan_, p.