48.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 1157.

49.Mohammad Abd al-Salam Faraj, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's a.s.sa.s.sins, quoted in Quintan Wiktorowicz, "A Genealogy of Radical Islam," 79.

50.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 1234.

51.Abdulaziz H. Al-Fahad, "From Exclusivism to Accommodation: Doctrinal and Legal Evolution of Wahhabism," New York University Law Review 79, no. 2 (May 2004): 514; Jessica Stern, "Mind over Martyr: How to Deradicalize Islamic Extremists," Foreign Affairs 89, no. 1 (January/February 2010): 99.

52.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 121.

53.Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 7.

54.John L. Esposito, "Contemporary Islam: Reformation or Revolution?" in The Oxford History of Islam, ed. John L. Esposito, 645.

55.Fred Donner, Muhammad and the Believers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 86.

56.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, xv.

57.David Bukay, "The Religious Foundations of Suicide Bombings," Middle East Quarterly 13, no. 4 (Fall 2006), http://www.meforum.org/1003/the-religious-foundations-of-suicide-bombings.

58.Joas Wagemakers, A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 723.

59.Wiktorowicz, "A Genealogy of Radical Islam," 87.

60.Ibid., 89.

61.Ibid., 8990.

62.Ibid., 91.

63.Nasr, The Shia Revival, 94, 968.

64.Sabrina Tavernise and Robert F. Worth, "Relentless Rebel Attacks Test Shiite Endurance," New York Times, September 19, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/international/middleeast/19shiites.html.

65.El Fadl, The Great Theft, 2478.

66.Timothy Furnish, "Beheading in the Name of Islam," Middle East Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Spring 2005), http://www.meforum.org/713/beheading-in-the-name-of-islam.

67.h.e.l.lmich, "Creating the Ideology of Al Qaeda: From Hypocrites to Salafi-Jihadists," 114.

68.a.s.saf Moghadam, "Motives for Martyrdom: Al-Qaida, Salafi Jihad, and the Spread of Suicide Attack," International Security 33, no. 3 (2009): 5960.

69.Wiktorowicz, "A Genealogy of Radical Islam," 93.

70.Mary Anne Weaver, "The Short, Violent Life of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi," Atlantic, June 8, 2006, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/304983/.

71.Ayman Zawahiri, "Zawahiri's Letter to Zarqawi," trans. Center for Combating Terrorism at West Point, July 9, 2005, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/zawahiris-letter-to-zarqawi-english-translation-2.

72.William McCants, "Militant Ideology Atlas," Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, November 1, 2006, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/militant-ideology-atlas, 8; Joas Wagemakers, "Reclaiming Scholarly Authority: Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi's Critique of Jihadi Practices," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34, no. 7 (July 2011): 526.

73.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 243.

74.Wagemakers, A Quietest Jihadi, 923.

75.Ibid., 47.

76.Wagemakers, "Reclaiming Scholarly Authority," 5256.

77.Wagemakers, A Quietest Jihadi, 74.

78.Ibid., 83.

79.Ibid.

80.Wagemakers, "Reclaiming Scholarly Authority," 524.

81.Patrick c.o.c.kburn, "ISIS Consolidates," London Review of Books 36, no. 16 (August 21, 2014), http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/patrick-c.o.c.kburn/isis-consolidates.

82.Douglas A. Ollivant and Brian Fishman, "State of Jihad: The Reality of the Islamic War in Iraq and Syria," War on the Rocks, May 21, 2014, http://warontherocks.com/2014/05/state-of-jihad-the-reality-of-the-islamic-state-in-iraq-and-syria/.

83.Aaron Y. Zelin, "ISIS is Dead, Long Live the Islamic State," Washington Inst.i.tute, June 30, 2014, http://www.washingtoninst.i.tute.org/policy-a.n.a.lysis/view/isis-is-dead-long-live-the-islamic-state.

84.Ibid.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS.

Photo by Richard Howard.

JESSICA STERN is a lecturer on terrorism at Harvard University and a fellow at the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard's School of Public Health. She is a member of the Hoover Inst.i.tution Task Force on National Security and Law, and served on the Clinton administration's National Security Council staff. She is the author of Denial: A Memoir of Terror; Terror in the Name of G.o.d: Why Religious Militants Kill (a New York Times Notable Book of the Year); and The Ultimate Terrorists.

Photo by Janet Walsh.

J.M. BERGER is a nonresident fellow with the Brookings Inst.i.tution and the author of Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam, a critically acclaimed history of the American jihadist movement. He is a regular contributor to Foreign Policy magazine, and his website, Intelwire.com, has published thousands of decla.s.sified doc.u.ments on the September 11 attacks and the Oklahoma City bombing.

Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.

ALSO BY JESSICA STERN.

Denial: A Memoir of Terror.

Terror in the Name of G.o.d: Why Religious Militants Kill.

The Ultimate Terrorists.

ALSO BY J. M. BERGER.

Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam.

end.