[756] Pausanias, vii, 17; Amobius, v, 5.

[757] Roscher, _Lexikon_, articles "Agdistis," "Attis"; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p.219 f.; H. Hepding, _Attis_; cf. Pseudo-Lucian, _De Syria Dea_, 15 (Attis a.s.sumes female form and dress).

[758] This practice seems to be an exaggerated form of the savage custom of self-wounding in honor of the dead (to obtain their favor), interpreted in developed cults as a sacrifice to the deity or as a means of union with him.

[759] On the wide diffusion of cults of mother-G.o.ddesses see below, ---- 729, 734, 762, etc.

[760] Cf. Pseudo-Lucian, _De Syria Dea_ 15; Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Alteriums_, 2d ed., i, 649, 651; Lagrange, _etudes sur les religions semitiques_, 2d ed., p. 241; Hepding, _Attis_, p. 162.

[761] See above, -- 411.

[762] In Theophrastus, _Characters_, article 16 (Roscher, _Lexikon_, 8. v. _Hermaphroditos_).

[763] Roscher, article cited.

[764] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 447, 492.

[765] H. Ellis, _Psychology of s.e.x_, i, pa.s.sim.

[766] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. xliii.

[767] Cf. -- 251 ff.

[768] Dulaure, _Des divinites generatrices_. Cf. Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, chap. ii.

[769] See below, Chap. XI.

[770] J. F. McLennan, _Studies in Ancient History_; Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_; A. Lang, _Social Origins_; A. E.

Crawley, in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B.

Tylor_; N. W. Thomas, ibid.

[771] Fraser (_Totemism and Exogamy_, iv, 135), thinks it possible that exogamy of totemic clans is always exogamy in decay.

[772] L. H. Morgan (the discoverer of the system), _Ancient Society_; W. H. R. Rivers in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor_.

[773] For the supposition of promiscuity are Morgan (op.

cit., p. 54), Spencer and Gillen (_Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 100 ff.), and others; against are Westermarck (_Human Marriage_, chap. iv), Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, p.

479 ff.), and others.

[774] Cf. Morgan, op. cit., p. 27, and part ii, chap. i.

[775] Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p.

269 ff.

[776] Gen. xx, 12; the rule was later abrogated (Ezek. xxii, 11; Lev. xviii, 9).

[777] J. F. McLennan, _Studies in Ancient History_, first series, p. 90 ff.; second series, chap. vii.

[778] L. H. Morgan, _Ancient Society_, p. 424 ff.; Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, i, 164 ff.

[779] Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, chaps. xiv-xvi; Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 222. Cf. Darwin, _Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_, ii, 103 f.

[780] J. J. Atkinson, _Primal Law_ (in volume with Lang's _Social Origins_, p. 210 ff.).

[781] E. Durkheim, in _Annee sociologique_, i, 1-70.

[782] Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, iv, 75 ff.

[783] See references in -- 426.

[784] H. Ellis, _Psychology of s.e.x_, i, 36 f.; Crawley, in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor_.

[785] See above, -- 431.

[786] See above, -- 429, and compare Howard, _History of Matrimonial Inst.i.tutions_, i, 121 ff.

[787] Details are given in Frazer's _Totemism and Exogamy_.

[788] Cf. below, -- 442.

[789] On two supposed human totems, Laughing Boys and Nursing Mothers, see Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, i, 160, 253; ii, 520 f.

[790] -- 436.

[791] So, apparently, among the Nandi (Hollis, _The Nandi_, pp. 6, 61).

[792] As among the Australian Arunta (Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 116, 125 ff.).

[793] Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii, 136; iii, 321; Boas, _The Kwakiutl_, p. 328 ff.

[794] Haddon and Rivers, _Expedition to Torres Straits_, v, 158 ff.; Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, pp. 51, 320.

[795] Fraser, _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii, 200; iii, 40, 227, 267, 281, 322.

[796] Swanton, _Tlingit Myths_ (_Bulletin 39_, Bureau of American Ethnology).

[797] See below, -- 544 ff.

[798] For the details of totemic customs reference may be made, once for all, to Frazer's encyclopedic _Totemism and Exogamy_.

[799] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 415, 423, etc.

[800] Rivers, _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, x.x.xix; _Man_, viii.

[801] Brinton, _The Lenape_, p. 39.

[802] E. F. im Thurn, _Indians of Guiana_, p. 184.

[803] For the Mandingos of Senegambia see _Revue d'ethnographie_, v, 81, cited in Frazer's _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii, 544.