to obey commands, 18283, 18990, 204n, 28586 from observation, 2628, 18390

of umwelt of blind companion, 13435, 162, 274 see also see also training training

leg bands, 296n licking Elizabethan collar and, 86 functional use of, 2931 as greeting, 29, 3031, 65, 247, 27273 muzzle licking, 3031 in olfaction, 3031, 73, 74 to prompt regurgitation by mother, 2930, 27273 sonorous mouth licking, 152 urine, 73, 74 of world, 24647 lifetime, length of, 222n, 264 Linnaean cla.s.sification, 38n lizards, vomeronasal organ in, 73 looking. see see vision vision

Lorenz, Konrad, 83, 11617, 141n, 26162, 27273

marking a.n.a.l sacs in, 8485, 112, 117 audience and, 11718 "mark" test of self-awareness, 21819, 220 scratching ground in, 85 urine in, 22, 76, 8284, 11418 markings, 296 marmosets, sniff in, 69 mastiff, 4849, 50, 221 mating. see see s.e.xuality s.e.xuality mazes, 144 McClintock, Martha, 73n memoirs, pet, 119, 22527

memory, 22228 a.s.sociations and, 225 autobiographical memory, 119, 22527 prodigious human memory, 224 willpower and, 22627 mimicry, 94 mirror "mark" test of self-awareness, 21819, 220 recognition in, 21720 mirroring, 15253 mitochondrial DNA, 3940 moan, 100, 1012 mongoose hyena relation to, 34n marking by, 84 mongrels, 47, 52 monkeys animal cognition research on, 157 anthropomorphism and, 263n big-brain hypothesis and, 89 bonding and, 26769 communication of, 91, 94 eyebrows raised in display, 16 eye contact in, 148 in zoos, 15859 monosodium glutamate, 30 mothers licking behavior and, 2930, 27273 motherese and, 9596 touch between child and, 26769 see also bonding bonding

motion blindness, 132

motion sensitivity, 48, 54, 12324, 12932, 167, 24445, 249, 25051 movement, forms of, 29091 mutts adoption of, 47, 65, 262n, 26667, 294, 301 muzzles of, 71 temperament of, 294

wolves versus, 44

mutual gaze, 4647, 139, 14649, 161, 29293 muzzle biting, 1819 muzzle licking, 3031

Nagel, Thomas, 24143, 258

naming behavior, 9697, 98, 29597 narcolepsy, 51 nasal septum, 74 natural selection, 34, 3847 neophilia, 178n neotony, 114, 264 neutering, 295 Newfoundland, 4344, 48 night vision, 48, 125, 12830 nonsporting hounds, 49 Norman (Labrador retriever), 23738 Norwich terrier, 4748 nose anatomy of dog, 6869, 7175 beagle olfactory cells, 71, 72 of humans, 71 of sheepdog, 71 wet, in dogs, 69, 7475, 77

see also odors; olfaction; vomeronasal organ novelty, importance of, 28485, 28889 odors; olfaction; vomeronasal organ novelty, importance of, 28485, 28889

obedience, 18283, 18990, 204n, 28586 see also see also right and wrong; training right and wrong; training

objectivity, in science, 35, 1314, 2728 object permanence, 176, 17879 observation in animal cognition research, 45, 1314, 2728, 102n, 145, 147, 148, 16173 animal observation of humans, 18390 anthropomorphism and, 1419

learning from, 2628, 18390. see also see also imitation objectivity in scientific, 35, 1314, 2728 in training process, 6061 imitation objectivity in scientific, 35, 1314, 2728 in training process, 6061

of zoo animals, 45, 8, 1415, 15859, 216

odors arousal and, 110 artificial, 2526, 69, 71, 72, 86, 292 butyric acid and, 2021, 79 city design and, 8687 on clothing, 71, 7576, 77, 78, 85, 244 of dog feet, 85 dog groomers and, 8586, 292 in experience of time, 72, 77, 7879, 22728, 25456 height of dogs and, 245 human adaptation to, 7071 of human feet and shoes, 71, 7576, 78, 135, 244 importance to dogs, 8788 rump sniffing, 8485, 86, 8788

signature odor of humans, 2526, 7479, 8788, 135 smell walks and, 28485

traveling on air currents, 71, 7677, 123, 245, 28485 of urine, 22, 76, 8284, 11418 see also olfaction olfaction olfaction, 6788 bloodhound ability, 7778 cells committed to, 69, 71, 72, 7375 changes in, 169 detection of disease and disorder, 8182 detection of fear, 7981 detection of human odors, 2021, 2526, 7677 in dogs, 3031, 6788, 11617, 122 in experience of time, 72, 77, 7879, 84, 22728, 25456 expression of a.n.a.l sacs, 8485 genitals and, 75, 76, 87 habituation in, 7071 in humans, 2122, 23, 6768, 7273, 122 importance to dogs, 8788 licking in, 3031, 73, 74 olfactory bulb, 7273 pheromones and, 7375, 7981, 83 physiology of, 69, 7175

prediction of seizure, 82n self-awareness and, 21920 in sharks, 77 signature scent and, 2526, 7479, 8788, 135 smell walks and, 28485 sniff in. see see sniff sniff in ticks, 2021 in tracking prey, 48, 57n, 76, 7778 urine marking, 22, 76, 8284, 11418 vision connected with, 12728 see also nose; odors; sniff; vomeronasal organ nose; odors; sniff; vomeronasal organ ontogenetic ritualization, 226n open-mouth display, 108, 110, 201 operant conditioning, 1011, 18990 optic nerve, 13536 optimism, learned, 2728 orienting reflex, 141 owners animal observation of, 16173, 25152 concept of, 1112 dog recognition of, 2526, 2931 legal relationship with dogs, 1112 theories about dogs, 34 training of dogs and, 1011, 2526

oxytocin, 261, 279 see also see also hormones hormones

pacing, 291 packs a.n.a.logy in training dogs, 5761 use of term with dogs, 43, 5761

in wolves, 38, 40, 41, 43, 5761, 103 pair bond, 26061

panoramic vision, 124, 12728 papillon, 4344 paramecium, 23637 Pavlov, Ivan, 289 pawedness/handedness, 288

pawing, 152 pecking, 185 pedomorphic dogs, 114 peek-a-boo, 142 Pekingese, 50 peripheral vision, 12728 personality. see see temperament temperament personal s.p.a.ce of chickens, 1617 of dogs, 24647 of humans, 1617 "territory marking" and, 8384 of wolves, 38 pessimism, learned, 2728 petting dogs, 26671, 293 Pfungst, Oskar, 164 Pharaoh Hound, 4849n pheromones, 7375, 7981, 83 phonemes, 1056 photoreceptors, 48, 126, 12732, 168 physical cognition attention in, 144 object displacement/permanence, 176, 17779 rope task, 4445 size-awareness in, 22022 social cognition and, 17681 tool use, 177 of wolves versus dogs, 4445 Piaget, Jean, 16263, 178 pigeons "psychic powers" of, 16566 use of time, 213, 215 pigs, slaughterhouse behavior of, 251n pinna, 92 pit bull, 53n pitch of sounds made, 9396, 98108 play, 196205 aggression versus, 5, 6165, 270 attention in, 15253, 199205

biting games, 42 cackling laugh in, 1034 commands during, 17172 communication in, 12, 56, 200205 description of, 12, 56, 2056, 27778 dog love of, 289 between dogs of mismatched size, 12, 124, 2056, 221 of domesticated silver foxes, 37 fetch and, 27778, 287 function of, 19798 human-dog, 27778, 287 objects in, 2426, 24750 ritualization of, 198 role in bonding process, 27579 rolling behavior in, 24, 55, 85, 286 rough-and-tumble, 12, 24, 62, 19698, 200n, 202, 2056, 221 study of, 196205 theory of mind and, 196205 visual streak and ball dogs, 12728, 287 see also attention-getter; play signals attention-getter; play signals play barks, 9899, 108 play bow, 201, 203, 205 play signals, 199207, 226 head bow, 201 importance of, 200201, 289 open-mouth display, 108, 110, 201 play bow, 201, 203, 205 play slap, 103, 201 play slap, 103, 201 Pliny the Elder, 6465 pointing as communication, 49, 143, 15052, 287 gaze following as, 15052, 154 temporal patterns in, 27778 polygraph machines, 80, 169 poodle, 42n, 240 posture ant.i.thesis and, 110, 112

as communication, 8081, 8990, 108, 10910, 111, 153 tail and, 11114

prairie voles, 261 prey, chasing behaviors and, 16971 primates animal cognition research on, 45, 102n big-brain hypothesis and, 89 problem-solving skills imitation and, 18390 intelligence and, 4445, 17581 of wolves versus dogs, 180 progressive mutilation, 229 prolactin, 279 prosody, 9394, 95, 251 protodogs, 42 protodomesticators, 40 "psychic powers,"16372 animal knowledge of habits versus, 16672, 25152 confirmation bias, 169n in counting behavior of horse, 16366 of pigeons, 16566 in spelling behavior of dogs, 167 see also attention attention pug, 40, 50, 112, 127, 221 Pumpernickel (Pump) adoption of, 65

anecdotes, 46, 13, 29, 31, 33, 34, 52, 55, 67, 71, 75, 85, 87, 89, 92, 98, 100101,

104, 108, 11112, 113, 11415, 11819, 121, 12324, 132, 135, 139, 16667,

16971, 183, 184, 19091, 19697, 199, 209, 211, 215, 22223, 225, 228,

229, 235, 241, 247, 25657, 259, 27172, 274, 276, 28385, 291, 294

described, 3, 47, 299301

punishment historical types of, 22829 scolding in, 149, 23233 in training process, 6061, 286 pupil size, 12425 pups cuteness of, 264 lack of urine marking, 117

licking behavior of mother, 2930, 27273 sounds made by, 101, 102 in wolf packs, 5859

purebred dogs, 4950, 51, 71

raincoats, dog, 1719 raised-leg display, 83, 116, 11718 see also urine urine raisin toxicity, 33, 34, 34n rats big-brain hypothesis and, 89 fear contagion in, 80 learned optimism and pessimism, 2728 sounds made by, 93 use of time, 213, 215 redirected appeas.e.m.e.nt ceremony (Lorenz), 27273 reflexes, 141 REM sleep, 213n reptiles, vomeronasal organ in, 73 rescue dogs, 79, 166, 23739 retina, 125, 12632, 13536, 249 retrieving behavior, 49, 53, 54, 112, 12728, 154, 287 rewards, in training process, 6061 rhinoceros, 45, 15n flehmen, 74 urine marking, 84 Rico (border collie), 9697, 98, 211n right and wrong, knowledge of, 22835 rolling behavior, 24, 55, 85, 86, 286 rolling tones, 24 rooting reflex, 141, 269 rope task, 4445 roses, 22, 72 Rottweiler, 53n

rough-and-tumble play, 12, 24, 62, 19698, 200n, 202, 2056, 221 rump sniffing, 8485, 86, 8788

saccades, 136 Sacks, Oliver, 162 salty taste, 30 San Diego Zoo, 45 scavengers, 39, 40, 43, 63 schizophrenia, smell of, 81 sclera, 125 SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus), 21213 scolding, 149, 23233 scream, 101 scrub jay, caching behavior of, 226 Seeing Eye dogs, 43, 13435, 152, 162, 274 seizure prediction, 82n selection

artificial, 6, 3537, 41. see also see also domestication natural, 34, 3847 domestication natural, 34, 3847

selective breeding, 40 self-awareness experience of, 21722 knowledge of right and wrong, 22835 "mark" test of, 21819, 220 olfaction and, 21920 size and, 22022 of working dogs, 22122

self-takedown, 221

sensitive/critical period, 4243, 222n, 262 separation anxiety, 43, 268n, 27172, 280 s.e.xuality courting behavior, 8384, 27778 and domestication of silver foxes, 36 flehmen and, 74 flirting and, 27778 genetic mutations and, 51 genitals and, 75, 76, 87 hormones and, 172 neutering dogs, 295 raised-leg display in, 83, 116, 11718 of wolves, 38, 41, 58

shake, body, 11314

shaping behavior, 1011 shark, olfaction of, 77 shar-pei, 50 sheepdog early exposure to sheep, 221, 262 "eye" behavior, 287 innate behavioral tendencies, 54 nose of, 71 shepherding behavior. see see herding behavior herding behavior shepherds, 49, 50, 53, 53n, 104 shoes for dogs, 56 odor of, 71, 7576, 78, 135, 244 showing, 154 shriek, 103 Siberian husky, 42n, 48, 50, 114, 135 sighing, 27, 153 sight. see see vision vision signature odor, 2526, 7479, 8788, 135 sitting tone, 24 size big-dog sounds, 102 breed differences, 4344 height in, 23, 40, 110n, 112, 16971, 24345 of objects in relation to dogs, 24750 recognition of own, 22022

in rough-and-tumble play, 12, 124, 2056, 221 toy dogs, 49, 29091