In a letter[97] from Wm. Carr Lane to H. R. Schoolcraft, appear some remarks on the affinities of the Pueblo languages, based in large part on hearsay evidence. No vocabularies are given, nor does any real cla.s.sification appear to be attempted, though referring to such of his remarks as apply in the present connection, Lane states that the Indians of "Taos, Vicuris, Zesuqua, Sandia, and Ystete, and of two pueblos of Texas, near El Paso, are said to speak the same language, which I have heard called E-nagh-magh," and that the Indians of "San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe, San Il de Conso, and one Moqui pueblo, all speak the same language, as it is said: this I have heard called Tay-waugh."

The ambiguous nature of his reference to these pueblos is apparent from the above quotation.

[Footnote 97: Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, 1855, vol. 5, p. 689.]

The names given by Lane as those he had "heard" applied to certain groups of pueblos which "it is said" speak the same language, rest on too slender a basis for serious consideration in a cla.s.sificatory sense.

Keane in the appendix to Stanford's Compendium (Central and South America), 1878, p. 479, presents the list given by Lane, correcting his spelling in some cases and adding the name of the Tusayan pueblo as Haro (Hano). He gives the group no formal family name, though they are cla.s.sed together as speaking "Tegua or Tay-waugh."

The Tano of Powell (1878), as quoted, appears to be the first name formally given the family, and is therefore accepted. Recent investigations of the dialect spoken at Taos and some of the other pueblos of this group show a considerable body of words having Shoshonean affinities, and it is by no means improbable that further research will result in proving the radical relationship of these languages to the Shoshonean family. The a.n.a.lysis of the language has not yet, however, proceeded far enough to warrant a decided opinion.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The tribes of this family in the United States resided exclusively upon the Rio Grande and its tributary valleys from about 33 to about 36.

A small body of these people joined the Tusayan in northern Arizona, as tradition avers to a.s.sist the latter against attacks by the Apache--though it seems more probable that they fled from the Rio Grande during the pueblo revolt of 1680--and remained to found the permanent pueblo of Hano, the seventh pueblo of the group. A smaller section of the family lived upon the Rio Grande in Mexico and Texas, just over the New Mexico border.

_Population._--The following pueblos are included in the family, with a total population of about 3,237:

Hano (of the Tusayan group) 132 Isleta (New Mexico) 1,059 Isleta (Texas) few Jemez 428 Nambe 79 Picuris 100 Pojoaque 20 Sandia 140 San Ildefonso 148 San Juan 406 Santa Clara 225 Senecu (below El Paso) few Taos 409 Tesuque 91

TIMUQUANAN FAMILY.

= Timuquana, Smith in Hist. Magazine, II, 1, 1858 (a notice of the language with vocabulary; distinctness of the language affirmed).

Brinton. Floridian Peninsula, 134, 1859 (spelled also Timuaca, Timagoa, Timuqua).

= Timucua, Gatschet in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XVI, April 6, 1877 (from Cape Canaveral to mouth of St. John's River). Gatschet, Creek Mig.

Legend I, 11-13, 1884. Gatschet in Science, 413, April 29, 1887.

= Atimuca, Gatschet in Science, ibid, (proper name).

Derivation: From ati-muca, "ruler," "master;" literally, "servants attend upon him."

In the Historical Magazine as above cited appears a notice of the Timuquana language by Buckingham Smith, in which is affirmed its distinctness upon the evidence of language. A short vocabulary is appended, which was collated from the "Confessionario" by Padre Pareja, 1613. Brinton and Gatschet have studied the Timuquana language and have agreed as to the distinctness of the family from any other of the United States. Both the latter authorities are inclined to take the view that it has affinities with the Carib family to the southward, and it seems by no means improbable that ultimately the Timuquana language will be considered an offshoot of the Carib linguistic stock. At the present time, however, such a conclusion would not be justified by the evidence gathered and published.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

It is impossible to a.s.sign definite limits to the area occupied by the tribes of this family. From doc.u.mentary testimony of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the limits of the family domain appear to have been about as follows: In general terms the present northern limits of the State of Florida may be taken as the northern frontier, although upon the Atlantic side Timuquanan territory may have extended into Georgia. Upon the northwest the boundary line was formed in De Soto's time by the Ocilla River. Lake Okeechobee on the south, or as it was then called Lake Sarrape or Mayaimi, may be taken as the boundary between the Timuquanan tribes proper and the Calusa province upon the Gulf coast and the Tegesta province upon the Atlantic side. Nothing whatever of the languages spoken in these two latter provinces is available for comparison. A number of the local names of these provinces given by Fontanedo (1559) have terminations similar to many of the Timuquanan local names. This slender evidence is all that we have from which to infer the Timuquanan relationship of the southern end of the peninsula.

PRINc.i.p.aL TRIBES.

The following settlements appear upon the oldest map of the regions we possess, that of De Bry (Narratio; Frankf. a. M. 15, 1590):

(A) Sh.o.r.es of St. John's River, from mouth to sources:

Patica. Utina.

Saturiwa. Patchica.

Atore. Chilili.

h.o.m.olua or Molua. Calanay.

Alimacani. Onochaquara.

Casti. Mayarca.

Malica. Mathiaca.

Melona. Maiera.

Timoga or Timucua. Mocoso.

Enecaqua. Cadica.

Choya. Eloquale.

Edelano (island). Aquonena.

Astina.

(B) On a (fict.i.tious) western tributary of St. John's River, from mouth to source:

Hicaranaou.

Appalou.

Oustaca.

Onathcaqua.

Potanou.

Ehiamana.

Anouala.

(C) East Floridian coast, from south to north:

Mocossou.

Oathcaqua.

Sorrochos.

Hanocoroucouay.

Marracou.

(D) On coast north of St. John's River:

Hiouacara.

(E) The following are gathered from all other authorities, mostly from the accounts of De Soto's expedition:

Acquera. San Mateo (1688).

Aguile. Santa Lucia de Acuera Basisa or Vacissa (SE. coast).

(1688). Tacatacuru.

Cholupaha. Tocaste.

Hapaluya. Tolemato.

Hirrihiqua. Topoqui.

Itafi Tucururu (perhaps a province). (SE. coast) Itara Ucita.

Machaua (1688). Urriparacuxi.

Napetuca. Yupaha Osile (Oxille). (perhaps a province).