This family was based upon a tribe variously termed Kitunaha, Kutenay, Cootenai, or Flatbow, living on the Kootenay River, a branch of the Columbia in Oregon.

Mr. Gatschet thinks it is probable that there are two dialects of the language spoken respectively in the extreme northern and southern portions of the territory occupied, but the vocabularies at hand are not sufficient to definitely settle the question.

The area occupied by the Kitunahan tribes is inclosed between the northern fork of the Columbia River, extending on the south along the Cootenay River. By far the greater part of the territory occupied by these tribes is in British Columbia.

TRIBES.

The princ.i.p.al divisions or tribes are Cootenai, or Upper Cootenai; Akoklako, or Lower Cootenai; Klanoh-Klatklam, or Flathead Cootenai; Yaketahnoklatakmakanay, or Tobacco Plains Cootenai.

_Population._--There are about 425 Cootenai at Flathead Agency, Montana, and 539 at Kootenay Agency, British Columbia; total, 964.

KOLUSCHAN FAMILY.

= Koluschen, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., II, 14, 1836 (islands and adjacent coast from 60 to 55 N.L.).

= Koulischen, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., II, 306, 1836. Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., II, pt. 1, c, 77, 1848, (Koulischen and Sitka languages). Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind.

Tribes, III, 402, 1853 (Sitka, bet. 52 and 59 lat.).

< kolooch,="" latham="" in="" trans.="" philolog.="" soc.="" lond.,="" ii,="" 31-50,="" 1846="" (tends="" to="" merge="" kolooch="" into="" esquimaux).="" latham="" in="" jour.="" eth.="">

Lond., 1, 163, 1848 (compared with Eskimo language.). Latham, Opuscula, 259, 276, 1860.

= Koluschians, Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind, V, 433, 1847 (follows Gallatin). Scouler (1846) in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond., I, 231, 1848.

< koluch,="" latham,="" nat.="" hist.="" man,="" 294,="" 1850="" (more="" likely="" forms="" a="" subdivision="" of="" eskimo="" than="" a="" separate="" cla.s.s;="" includes="" kenay="" of="" cook's="" inlet,="" atna="" of="" copper="" river,="" koltshani,="" ugalents,="" sitkans,="" tungaas,="" inkhuluklait,="" magimut,="" inkalit;="" digothi="" and="" nehanni="" are="" cla.s.sed="" as="" "doubtful="">

= Koloschen, Berghaus (1845), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1848. Ibid., 1852. Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 680, 1859. Berghaus, Physik. Atlas, map 72, 1887.

= Kolush, Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 401, 1862 (mere mention of family with short vocabulary).

= Kaloshians, Dall in Proc. Am. a.s.s., 375, 1885 (gives tribes and population).

X Northern, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond., XI, 218, 1841 (includes Koloshes and Tun Gha.s.se).

X Haidah, Scouler, ibid, 219, 1841 (same as his Northern).

= Klen-ee-kate, Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, V, 489, 1855.

= Klen-e-kate, Kane, Wanderings of an Artist, app., 1859 (a census of N.W. coast tribes cla.s.sified by language).

= Thlinkithen, Holmberg in Finland Soc., 284, 1856 (fide Buschmann, 676, 1859).

= Thl'nkets, Dall in Proc. Am. a.s.s., 268, 269, 1869 (divided into Sitka-kwan, Stahkin-kwan, "Yakutats").

= T'linkets, Dall in Cont. N.A. Eth., I, 36, 1877 (divided into Yak'utats, Chilkaht'-kwan, Sitka-kwan, Stakhin'-kwan, Kygah'ni).

= Thlinkeet, Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 460, 462, 1878 (from Mount St. Elias to Na.s.s River; includes Ugalenzes, Yakutats, Chilkats, Hoodnids, Hoodsinoos, Takoos, Auks, Kakas, Stikines, Eeliknus, Tunga.s.s, Sitkas). Bancroft, Nat. Races, III, 562, 579, 1882.

= Thlinkit, Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 14, 1884 (vocab. of Skutkwan Sept; also map showing distribution of family). Berghaus, Physik. Atlas, map 72, 1887.

= Tlinkit, Dall in Proc. Am. a.s.s., 375, 1885 (enumerates tribes and gives population).

Derivation: From the Aleut word kolosh, or more properly, kaluga, meaning "dish," the allusion being to the dish-shaped lip ornaments.

This family was based by Gallatin upon the Koluschen tribe (the Tshinkitani of Marchand), "who inhabit the islands and the adjacent coast from the sixtieth to the fifty-fifth degree of north lat.i.tude."

In the Koluschan family, Gallatin observes that the remote a.n.a.logies to the Mexican tongue to be found in several of the northern tribes, as the Kinai, are more marked than in any other.

The boundaries of this family as given by Gallatin are substantially in accordance with our present knowledge of the subject. The southern boundary is somewhat indeterminate owing to the fact, ascertained by the census agents in 1880, that the Haida tribes extend somewhat farther north than was formerly supposed and occupy the southeast half of Prince of Wales Island. About lat.i.tude 56, or the mouth of Portland Ca.n.a.l, indicates the southern limit of the family, and 60, or near the mouth of Atna River, the northern limit. Until recently they have been supposed to be exclusively an insular and coast people, but Mr. Dawson has made the interesting discovery[63] that the Tagish, a tribe living inland on the headwaters of the Lewis River, who have hitherto been supposed to be of Athapascan extraction, belong to the Koluschan family.

This tribe, therefore, has crossed the coast range of mountains, which for the most part limits the extension of this people inland and confines them to a narrow coast strip, and have gained a permanent foothold in the interior, where they share the habits of the neighboring Athapascan tribes.

[Footnote 63: Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1887.]

TRIBES.

Auk.

Chilcat.

Hanega.

Hoodsunu.

Hunah.

Kek.

Sitka.

Stahkin.

Tagish.

Taku.

Tongas.

Yakutat.

_Population._--The following figures are from the census of 1880.[64]

The total population of the tribes of this family, exclusive of the Tagish, is 6,437, distributed as follows:

Auk 640 Chilcat 988 Hanega (including Kouyon and Klanak) 587 Hoodsunu 666 Hunah 908 Kek 568 Sitka 721 Stahkin 317 Taku 269 Tongas 273 Yakutat 500

[Footnote 64: Petroff, Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, 1884, p. 33.]

KULANAPAN FAMILY.