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2. Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 823.

3. Stanislas Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts (New York: Viking, 2014); Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

4. Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain.

5. Pundits may point to Gdel's incompleteness theorem, according to which no system of mathematical axioms can prove all arithmetic truths. There will always be some true statements that cannot be proven within the system. In popular literature this theorem is sometimes hijacked to account for the existence of mind. Allegedly, minds are needed to deal with such unprovable truths. However, it is far from obvious why living beings need to engage with such arcane mathematical truths in order to survive and reproduce. In fact, the vast majority of our conscious decisions do not involve such issues at all.

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8. Ibid., ch. 7.

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12. For different levels of self-consciousness, see: Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 5966.

13. Carolyn R. Raby et al., 'Planning for the Future by Western Scrub Jays', Nature 445:7130 (2007), 91921.

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16. I. B. A. Bartal, J. Decety and P. Mason, 'Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats', Science 334:6061 (2011), 142730; Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 89.

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18. See also Edward O. Wilson, The Social Conquest of the Earth (New York: Liveright, 2012).

19. Cyril Edwin Black (ed.), The Transformation of Russian Society: Aspects of Social Change since 1861 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 279.

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21. Tom Gallagher, Theft of a Nation: Romania since Communism (London: Hurst, 2005).

22. Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

23. TVP University, 'Capuchin Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay', 15 December 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKhAd0Tyny0.

24. Quoted in Christopher Duffy, Military Experience in the Age of Reason (London: Routledge, 2005), 989.

25. Serhii Ploghy, The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (London: Oneworld, 2014), 309.

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2. Yehuda Bauer, A History of the Holocaust (Danbur: Franklin Watts, 2001), 249.

3. Jean C. Oi, State and Peasant in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village Government (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 91; Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: China's Secret Famine (London: John Murray, 1996); Frank Dikkoter, Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 195862 (London: Bloomsbury, 2010).

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5. Roland Anthony Oliver, Africa since 1800, 5th edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 10023; David van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History of a People (New York: HarperCollins, 2014), 589.

6. Ben Wilbrink, 'a.s.sessment in Historical Perspective', Studies in Educational Evaluation 23:1 (1997), 3148.

7. M. C. Lemon, Philosophy of History (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), 2844; Siep Stuurman, 'Herodotus and Sima Qian: History and the Anthropological Turn in Ancient Greece and Han China', Journal of World History 19:1 (2008), 140.

8. William Kelly Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt (Yale: Yale University Press, 1973), 3323.

5 The Odd Couple 1. C. Scott Dixon, Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania, 15171740 (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 15; Peter W. Williams, America's Religions: From Their Origins to the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 82.