Tooth-powder, Apuleius' defence of, ii. 148

Torments, future, the doctrine of, made by the monks a means of extorting money, ii. 216.

Monastic legends of, 220

Tragedy, effects of the gladiatorial shows upon, among the Romans, i. 277

Trajan, the Emperor, his gladiatorial shows, i. 287.

Letter of Pliny to, respecting the Christians, 437.

Trajan's answer, 437.

His benevolence to children, ii. 77.

Legend of St. Gregory and the Emperor, 223

Transmigration of souls, doctrine of, of the ancients, ii. 166

Travelling, increased facilities for, of the Romans, i. 234

Trinitarian monks, their works of mercy, ii. 73

Troubadours, one of their services to mankind, ii. 232

'Truce of G.o.d,' importance of the, ii. 254

Truth, possibility of adding to the happiness of men by diffusing abroad, or sustaining, pleasing falsehoods, i. 52.

Saying of Pythagoras, 53.

Growth of, with civilisation, 137.

Industrial, political, and philosophical, 137-140.

Relation of monachism to the abstract love of truth, ii. 189.

Causes of the mediaeval decline of the love of truth, 212

Tucker, his adoption of the doctrine of the a.s.sociation of ideas, i. 25, _note_

Turks, their kindness to animals, i. 289

Types, moral, i. 156.

All characters cannot be moulded in one type, 158

Ulpian on suicide, i. 218, _note_ Unselfishness of the Stoics, i. 177

Usury, diversities of moral judgment respecting, i. 92

Utilitarian school. _See_ Morals; Virtue; Vice

Utility, rival claims of, and intuition to be regarded as the supreme regulators of moral distinctions, i. 1, 2.

Various names by which the theory of utility is known, 3.

Views of the moralists of the school of, 3, _et seq._

Valerian, his persecutions of the Christians, i. 454

Valerius Maximus, his mode of moral teaching, i. 174

Vandals, their conquest of Africa, ii. 150

Varro, his conception of the Deity, i. 163.

On popular religious beliefs, 167

Venus, effect of the Greek worship of, on the condition of women, ii. 291, _note_

Vespasian, his dying jest, i. 259.

Effect of his frugality on the habits of the Romans, 292.

Miracle attributed to him, 347.

His treatment of philosophers, 448, _note_

Vice, Mandeville's theory of the origin of, i. 7.

And that "private vices were public benefits," 7.

Views of the Utilitarians as to, 12.

The degrees of virtue and vice do not correspond to the degrees of utility, or the reverse, 40-42.

The suffering caused by vice not proportioned to its criminality, 57-59.

Plato's ethical theory of virtue and vice, 179.

Grote's summary of this theory, 179, _note_.

Conception of the ancients of sin, 195.

Moral efficacy of the Christian sense of sin, ii. 3, 4

Virgil, his conception of the Deity, i. 163.

His epicurean sentiment, 193, _note_.

On suicide, 213.

His interest in animal life, ii. 165

Virginity, how regarded by the Greeks, i. 105.

aeschylus' prayer to Athene, 105.

Bees and fire emblems of virginity, 108, _note_.

Reason why the ancient Jews attached a certain stigma to virginity, 109.

Views of Essenes, 109

Virgins, Vestal, sanct.i.ty and gifts attributed to the, i. 106, 107, and _note_.

Executions of, 407, and _note_.

Reasons for burying them alive, ii. 41.

How regarded by the Romans, 297

Virtue, Hume's theory of the criterion, essential element, and object of, i. 4.

Motive to virtue according to the doctrine which bases morals upon experience, 6.

Mandeville's the lowest and most repulsive form of this theory, 6, 7.

Views of the essence and origin of virtue adopted by the school of Utilitarians, 7-9.

Views of the Utilitarians of, 12.

a.s.sociation of ideas in which virtue becomes the supreme object of our affections, 27.

Impossibility of virtue bringing pleasure if practised only with that end, 35, 36.

The utility of virtue not denied by intuitive moralists, 39.

The degrees of virtue and vice do not correspond to the degrees of utility, or the reverse, 53.

The rewards and punishments of conscience, 59, 60.

The self-complacency of virtuous men, 64, 65, and _note_.