(14) Lit. "feels least disgust at age"; i.e. his patron's years and wrinkles.

(15) Cf. Plat. "Phaedr." 231 B.

The fact is, to have reached the zenith of distinction in itself lends ornament, (16) nay, a l.u.s.tre effacing what is harsh and featureless and rude, and making true beauty yet more splendid.

(16) Or, "The mere prestige of highest worship helps to adorn." See Aristot. "N. E." xi. 17. As to {auto to tetimesthai m. s.} I think it is the {arkhon} who is honoured by the rest of men, which {time} helps to adorn him. Others seem to think it is the {paidika} who is honoured by the {arkhon}. If so, transl.: "The mere distinction, the privilege alone of being highly honoured, lends embellishment," etc.

Since then, by aid of equal ministrations, you are privileged to win not equal but far deeper grat.i.tude: it would seem to follow, considering the vastly wider sphere of helpfulness which lies before you as administrators, and the far grander scale of your largesses, I say it naturally pertains to you to find yourselves much more beloved than ordinary mortals; or if not, why not?

Hiero took up the challenge and without demur made answer: For this good reason, best of poets, necessity constrains us, far more than ordinary people, to be busybodies. We are forced to meddle with concerns which are the very fount and springhead of half the hatreds of mankind.

We have moneys to exact if we would meet our necessary expenses. Guards must be impressed and sentinels posted wherever there is need of watch and ward. We have to chastise evil-doers; we must put a stop to those who would wax insolent. (17) And when the season for swift action comes, and it is imperative to expedite a force by land or sea, at such a crisis it will not do for us to entrust the affair to easy-goers.

(17) Or, "curb the over-proud in sap and blood."

Further than that, the man who is a tyrant must have mercenaries, and of all the burdens which the citizens are called upon to bear there is none more onerous than this, since nothing will induce them to believe these people are supported by the tyrant to add to his and their prestige, (18) but rather for the sake of his own selfishness and greed.

(18) Reading with Breit. {eis timas}, or if the vulg. {isotimous}, transl. "as equal merely to themselves in privilege"; or if with Schenkl (and Holden, ed. 3) {isotimias}, transl. "their firm persuasion is these hirelings are not supported by the tyrant in the interests of equality but of undue influence."

IX

To these arguments Simonides in turn made answer: Nay, Hiero, I am far from stating that you have not all these divers matters to attend to.

They are serious duties, (1) I admit. But still, what strikes me is, if half these grave responsibilities do lend themselves undoubtedly to hatred, (2) the remaining half are altogether gratifying. Thus, to teach others (3) arts of highest virtue, and to praise and honour each most fair performance of the same, that is a type of duty not to be discharged save graciously. Whilst, on the other hand, to scold at people guilty of remissness, to drive and fine and chasten, these are proceedings doubtless which go hand in hand with hate and bitterness.

(1) Cf. "Econ." vii. 41.

(2) Or, "tend indisputably to enmity."

(3) Or, "people," "the learner."

What I would say then to the hero-ruler is: Wherever force is needed, the duty of inflicting chastis.e.m.e.nt should be a.s.signed to others, but the distribution of rewards and prizes must be kept in his own hands.

(4)

(4) Cf. "Cyrop." VIII. ii. 27; ib. i. 18; "Hipparch," i. 26.

Common experience attests the excellence of such a system. (5) Thus when we (6) wish to set on foot a compet.i.tion between choruses, (7) it is the function of the archon (8) to offer prizes, whilst to the ch.o.r.egoi (9) is a.s.signed the duty of a.s.sembling the members of the band; (10) and to others (11) that of teaching and applying force to those who come behindhand in their duties. There, then, you have the principle at once: The gracious and agreeable devolves on him who rules, the archon; the repellent counterpart (12) on others. What is there to prevent the application of the principle to matters politic in general? (13)

(5) Or, "current incidents bear witness to the beauty of the principle."

(6) {emin}. The author makes Simonides talk as an Athenian.

(7) Lit. "when we wish our sacred choirs to compete."

(8) Or, "magistrate"; at Athens the Archon Eponymos. See Boeckh, "P.

E. A." p. 454 foll. Al. the {athlethetai}. See Pollux, viii. 93; cf. Aeschin. "c. Ctes." 13.

(9) Or more correctly at Athens the choragoi = leaders of the chorus.

(10) i.e. the ch.o.r.eutai.

(11) Sc. the choro-didaskaloi, or chorus-masters.

(12) {ta ant.i.tupa}, "the repellent obverse," "the seamy side." Cf.

Theogn. 1244, {ethos ekhon solion pistios ant.i.tupon}. "h.e.l.l." VI.

iii. 11.

(13) Or, "Well then, what reason is there why other matters of political concern--all other branches of our civic life, in fact--should not be carried out on this same principle?"

All states as units are divided into tribes ({thulas}), or regiments ({moras}), or companies ({lokhous}), and there are officers ({arkhontes}) appointed in command of each division. (14)

(14) e.g. Attica into ten phylae, Lacedaemon into six morae, Thebes and Argos into lochi. See Aristot. "Pol." v. 8 (Jowett, i. 166); "h.e.l.l." VI. iv. 13; VII. ii. 4.

Well then, suppose that some one were to offer prizes (15) to these political departments on the pattern of the choric prizes just described; prizes for excellence of arms, or skill in tactics, or for discipline and so forth, or for skill in horsemanship; prizes for prowess (16) in the field of battle, bravery in war; prizes for uprightness (17) in fulfilment of engagements, contracts, covenants.

If so, I say it is to be expected that these several matters, thanks to emulous ambition, will one and all be vigorously cultivated. Vigorously!

why, yes, upon my soul, and what a rush there would be! How in the pursuit of honour they would tear along where duty called: with what prompt.i.tude pour in their money contributions (18) at a time of crisis.

(15) See "Revenues," iii. 3; A. Zurborg, "de. Xen. Lib. qui {Poroi} inscribitur," p. 42.

(16) Cf. "h.e.l.l." III. iv. 16; IV. ii. 5 foll.

(17) "In reward for justice in, etc." See "Revenues," l.c.; and for the evil in question, Thuc. i. 77; Plat. "Rep." 556.

(18) {eispheroien}, techn. of the war-tax at Athens. See "Revenues,"

iii. 7 foll.; iv. 34 foll.; Thuc. iii. 19; Boeckh, "P. E. A." pp.

470, 539. Cf. Aristot. "Pol." v. 11. 10, in ill.u.s.tration of the tyrant's usual method of raising money.

And that which of all arts is the most remunerative, albeit the least accustomed hitherto to be conducted on the principle of compet.i.tion (19)--I mean agriculture--itself would make enormous strides, if some one were to offer prizes in the same way, "by farms and villages," to those who should perform the works of tillage in the fairest fashion.

Whilst to those members of the state who should devote themselves with might and main to this pursuit, a thousand blessings would be the result. The revenues would be increased; and self-restraint be found far more than now, in close attendance on industrious habits. (20) Nay further, crimes and villainies take root and spring less freely among busy workers.

(19) Al. "and what will be the most repaying... being a department of things least wont," etc.

(20) Or, "soundness of soul much more be found allied with occupation."

Once more, if commerce (21) is of any value to the state, then let the merchant who devotes himself to commerce on the grandest scale receive some high distinction, and his honours will draw on other traders in his wake.

(21) Cf. "Revenues," l.c.

Or were it made apparent that the genius who discovers a new source of revenue, which will not be vexatious, will be honoured, by the state, a field of exploration will at once be opened, which will not long continue unproductive. (22)

(22) Lit. "that too is an inquiry which will not long lie fallow."

And to speak compendiously, if it were obvious in each department that the introducer of any salutary measure whatsoever will not remain unhonoured, that in itself will stimulate a host of pople who will make it their business to discover some good thing or other for the state.

Wherever matters of advantage to the state excite deep interest, of necessity discoveries are made more freely and more promptly perfected.

But if you are afraid, O mighty prince, that through the mult.i.tude of prizes offered (23) under many heads, expenses also must be much increased, consider that no articles of commerce can be got more cheaply than those which people purchase in exchange for prizes. Note in the public contests (choral, equestrian, or gymnastic) (24) how small the prizes are and yet what vast expenditure of wealth and toil, and painful supervision these elicit. (25)

(23) Reading {prot.i.themenon} with Cobet.