28. Clay to Ullmann, August 4, 1847, ibid., 10:343. Clay to Ullmann, August 4, 1847, ibid., 10:343.

29. Clay to Warrington, May 3, 1839, ibid., 9:310; also see Clay to Warrington, May 3, 1839, ibid., 9:310; also see Reg. of Deb., Reg. of Deb., 24 Cong., 2 sess., 94755. 24 Cong., 2 sess., 94755.

30. One of Clay's grandsons referred to his chances in the 1848 election in just this way. See Erwin to Clay, January 29, 1848, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers. One of Clay's grandsons referred to his chances in the 1848 election in just this way. See Erwin to Clay, January 29, 1848, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers.

31. Clay to Clay, February 12, 1847, Clay to Clay, February 12, 1847, HCP HCP 10:305. 10:305.

32. Taylor to Wood, September 14, 1847, quoted in K. Jack Bauer, Taylor to Wood, September 14, 1847, quoted in K. Jack Bauer, Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 227. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 227.

33. Hawley to Weed, September 7, 1847, quoted in Bauer, Hawley to Weed, September 7, 1847, quoted in Bauer, Taylor, Taylor, 227; see also Taylor to Crittenden, May 5, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC; Taylor to Wood, September 23, 1847, Thomas Bangs Thorpe, 227; see also Taylor to Crittenden, May 5, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC; Taylor to Wood, September 23, 1847, Thomas Bangs Thorpe, The Taylor Anecdote Book: Anecdotes and Letters of Zachary Taylor The Taylor Anecdote Book: Anecdotes and Letters of Zachary Taylor (New York: D. Appleton, 1848), 1920. (New York: D. Appleton, 1848), 1920.

34. Bullitt to Taylor, August 21, 1847, Bullitt Family Papers; Taylor to Wood, October 12, 1847, Zachary Taylor Letters, UKY. Bullitt to Taylor, August 21, 1847, Bullitt Family Papers; Taylor to Wood, October 12, 1847, Zachary Taylor Letters, UKY.

35. Clay to Ullmann, August 4, 1847, Clay to Ullmann, August 4, 1847, HCP HCP 10:342. 10:342.

36. Clay to Crittenden, September 26, 1848, ibid., 10:355. Clay to Crittenden, September 26, 1848, ibid., 10:355.

37. Poage, Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 168. No evidence links Clay to the circular, but he certainly knew about it, and it is likely that he had a hand in the project. See also Holt, 168. No evidence links Clay to the circular, but he certainly knew about it, and it is likely that he had a hand in the project. See also Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 277. 277.

38. Letcher to Crittenden, December 23, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Letcher to Crittenden, December 23, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

39. Speech in Lexington, November 13, 1847, Speech in Lexington, November 13, 1847, HCP HCP 10:36173. 10:36173.

40. Gaither to Bullitt, May 28, 1847, Bullitt Family Papers. Gaither to Bullitt, May 28, 1847, Bullitt Family Papers.

41. Taylor to Wood, October 12, 1847, Taylor Letters, UKY. Taylor to Wood, October 12, 1847, Taylor Letters, UKY.

42. Clay to Clayton, April 16, 1847, Clay to Clayton, April 16, 1847, HCP HCP 10:322. 10:322.

43. Clay to Greeley, November 22, 1847, ibid., 10:378. Clay to Greeley, November 22, 1847, ibid., 10:378.

44. Greeley to Clay, November 30, 1847, ibid., 10:381. Greeley to Clay, November 30, 1847, ibid., 10:381.

45. Poage, Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 16163. 16163.

46. Taylor to Clay, November 4, 1847, Taylor to Clay, November 4, 1847, HCP HCP 359. 359.

47. Taylor to Crittenden, November 1, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Taylor to Crittenden, November 1, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

48. Taylor to Clay, December 28, 1847, Taylor to Clay, December 28, 1847, HCP HCP 10:39293. 10:39293.

49. Poage, Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 175. 175.

50. Taylor to Peyton, May 20, 1848, Bullitt Family Papers. Taylor to Peyton, May 20, 1848, Bullitt Family Papers.

51. Crittenden to Burnley, January 8, 1848, Coleman, Crittenden to Burnley, January 8, 1848, Coleman, Crittenden, Crittenden, 1:29092. 1:29092.

52. Bibb to Crittenden, December 25, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Bibb to Crittenden, December 25, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

53. McLean to Ewing, October 6, 1847, Ewing Family Papers; Holt, McLean to Ewing, October 6, 1847, Ewing Family Papers; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 271. 271.

54. Burnley to Crittenden, April 4, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Burnley to Crittenden, April 4, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

55. Tucker to Berkeley, September 26, 1845, Berkeley Family Papers. Tucker to Berkeley, September 26, 1845, Berkeley Family Papers.

56. Greeley to Clay, November 20, 1848, Greeley to Clay, November 20, 1848, HCP HCP 10:381; Crockett, "Shadow of Henry Clay," 65, Holt, 10:381; Crockett, "Shadow of Henry Clay," 65, Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 288. 288.

57. Letcher to Crittenden, December 23, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Letcher to Crittenden, December 23, 1847, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

58. Poage, Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 168; Clay to Clay, February 4, February 18, 1848, Clay to Mercer, April 5, 1848, 168; Clay to Clay, February 4, February 18, 1848, Clay to Mercer, April 5, 1848, HCP HCP 10:300, 403, 424; Mangum to Graham, January 23, 1848, February 15, 1848, Mangum, 10:300, 403, 424; Mangum to Graham, January 23, 1848, February 15, 1848, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 5:90, 93, 98. 5:90, 93, 98.

59. Lewis to Noland, January 26, 1848, Berkeley Family Papers. Lewis to Noland, January 26, 1848, Berkeley Family Papers.

60. Mangum to Swain, January 12, 1848, Mangum, Mangum to Swain, January 12, 1848, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 5:91. 5:91.

61. Clay to Mercer, February 7, 1848; Clay to Clay, February 1, 1848, February 21, 1848, Clay to Clay, February 18, 1848, Clay to Mercer, February 7, 1848; Clay to Clay, February 1, 1848, February 21, 1848, Clay to Clay, February 18, 1848, HCP HCP 10:399, 400, 404, 408. 10:399, 400, 404, 408.

62. Stevenson to Clay, May 22, 1848, ibid., 10:470. Stevenson to Clay, May 22, 1848, ibid., 10:470.

63. Hill to Kemper, February 8, 1848, James Lawson Kemper Papers, Library of Virginia; Erwin to Clay, January 29, 1848, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers. Hill to Kemper, February 8, 1848, James Lawson Kemper Papers, Library of Virginia; Erwin to Clay, January 29, 1848, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers.

64. Speech at Independence Hall, February 26, 1848, Clay to Hughes, February 22, 1848, Speech at Independence Hall, February 26, 1848, Clay to Hughes, February 22, 1848, HCP HCP 10:409, 410; Kirwan, 10:409, 410; Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 214. 214.

65. Philadelphia Philadelphia Bulletin, Bulletin, February 25, 1848. February 25, 1848.

66. Holt, Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 301; Hill to Kemper, February 8, 1848, Kemper Papers. 301; Hill to Kemper, February 8, 1848, Kemper Papers.

67. Morehead to Combs, March 7, 1848, Morehead Papers; Holt, Morehead to Combs, March 7, 1848, Morehead Papers; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 31113. 31113.

68. Letcher to Crittenden, February 21, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Letcher to Crittenden, February 21, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

69. Clay to Combs, February 18, 1848, Clay to Combs, February 18, 1848, HCP HCP 10:404; Taylor to Preston, March 28, 1848, Preston to Taylor, February 26, 1848, Taylor Letters, VHS. 10:404; Taylor to Preston, March 28, 1848, Preston to Taylor, February 26, 1848, Taylor Letters, VHS.

70. Holt, Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 308; Poage, 308; Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 17576. 17576.

71. Stevenson to Duncan, April 12, 1848, Letter of Thomas B. Stevenson, LOC; Corwin to Clay, May 3, 1848, Forrer to Clay, April 7, 1848, Wendell to Clay, March 11, 1848, Bebb to Clay, April 4, 1848, Stevenson to Duncan, April 12, 1848, Letter of Thomas B. Stevenson, LOC; Corwin to Clay, May 3, 1848, Forrer to Clay, April 7, 1848, Wendell to Clay, March 11, 1848, Bebb to Clay, April 4, 1848, HCP HCP 10:41415, 42223, 426; Poage, 10:41415, 42223, 426; Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 17374. 17374.

72. Pierce to Clay, March 24, 1848, Gartrell to Clay, April 15, 1848, Pierce to Clay, March 24, 1848, Gartrell to Clay, April 15, 1848, HCP HCP 10:419, 442. 10:419, 442.

73. Lexington Lexington Observer & Kentucky Reporter, Observer & Kentucky Reporter, April 12, 1848. April 12, 1848.

74. Hunt to Weed, April 1848, Barnes, Hunt to Weed, April 1848, Barnes, Weed, Weed, 167. 167.

75. Claiborne to Clay, April 26, 1848, Claiborne to Clay, April 26, 1848, HCP HCP 10:446. 10:446.

76. Toombs to Thomas, April 16, 1848, quoted in Poage, Toombs to Thomas, April 16, 1848, quoted in Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 167n4. 167n4.

77. Clay to Hughes, May 8, 1848, Clay to Stevenson, April 12, 1848, Stevenson to Clay, May 18, 1848, Clay to Stevenson, May 20, 1848, Clay to Hughes, May 8, 1848, Clay to Stevenson, April 12, 1848, Stevenson to Clay, May 18, 1848, Clay to Stevenson, May 20, 1848, HCP HCP 10:43334, 459, 46569. 10:43334, 459, 46569.

78. Crittenden to Clay, May 4, 1848, Crittenden to Clay, May 4, 1848, HCP HCP 10:45859. 10:45859.

79. Kirwan, Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 22728; Joseph G. Rayback, "Who Wrote the Allison Letters: A Study in Historical Detection," 22728; Joseph G. Rayback, "Who Wrote the Allison Letters: A Study in Historical Detection," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 36 (June 1949): 57n17, 71. 36 (June 1949): 57n17, 71.

80. Crockett, "Shadow of Henry Clay," 54. Crockett, "Shadow of Henry Clay," 54.

81. Taylor to Crittenden, March 25, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Taylor to Crittenden, March 25, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

82. Taylor to Clay, April 30, 1848, Taylor to Clay, April 30, 1848, HCP HCP 10:45152. 10:45152.

83. Clay to Harvey, April 18, 1848, Clay to Hughes, May 8, 1848, ibid., 10:440, 459. Clay to Harvey, April 18, 1848, Clay to Hughes, May 8, 1848, ibid., 10:440, 459.

84. Munford to Bullitt, May 8, 1848, Bullitt Family Papers. Munford to Bullitt, May 8, 1848, Bullitt Family Papers.

85. Todd to Todd, May 29, 1848, Charles Stewart Todd Papers. Todd to Todd, May 29, 1848, Charles Stewart Todd Papers.

86. Holt, Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 330. 330.

87. Clay to Fendall, June 6, 1848, Clay to Fendall, June 6, 1848, HCP HCP 10:480. 10:480.

88. Greeley to Clay, May 29, 1848, Harlan to Clay, June 2, 1848, ibid., 10:47476, 478. Greeley to Clay, May 29, 1848, Harlan to Clay, June 2, 1848, ibid., 10:47476, 478.

89. Wickliffe to Preston, September 18, 1847, Wickliffe-Preston Family Papers; Clay to Brooks, April 13, 1848, White to Clay, May 26, 1848, Scott to Clay, July 19, 1848, Clay to Stevenson, August 5, 1848, Stevenson to Clay, August 10, 1848, Wickliffe to Preston, September 18, 1847, Wickliffe-Preston Family Papers; Clay to Brooks, April 13, 1848, White to Clay, May 26, 1848, Scott to Clay, July 19, 1848, Clay to Stevenson, August 5, 1848, Stevenson to Clay, August 10, 1848, HCP HCP 10:435, 47172, 511, 518, 519. 10:435, 47172, 511, 518, 519.

90. Lawrence to Clay, June 9, 1848, ibid., 10:481. Lawrence to Clay, June 9, 1848, ibid., 10:481.

91. Poage, Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 181, 181n27. 181, 181n27.

92. Erwin to Burnley, July 18, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC. Erwin to Burnley, July 18, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

93. Kirwan, Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 218; Underwood to Crittenden, June 19, 1852, Crittenden Papers, LOC. 218; Underwood to Crittenden, June 19, 1852, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

94. Clay to Stevenson, June 14, 1848, Clay to Stevenson, June 14, 1848, HCP HCP 10:488. 10:488.

95. Clay to Beatty, April 28, 1851, ibid., 10:885. Clay to Beatty, April 28, 1851, ibid., 10:885.

96. Richmond Richmond Enquirer, Enquirer, July 4, 1848. July 4, 1848.

97. Ewing to Taylor, July 22, 1848, Ewing Family Papers, LOC. Ewing to Taylor, July 22, 1848, Ewing Family Papers, LOC.

98. Clay to Worsley et al., June 27, 1848, Clarke to Clay, August 22, 1848, Meade, King, et al. to Clay, August 31, 1848, Clay to Cincinnati Whigs, September 1, 1848, Clay to Clarke, September 12, 1848, Ullmann to Clay, September 9, 1848, Clay to Ullmann, September 16, 1848, Dean to Clay, October 5, 1848, Clay to Worsley et al., June 27, 1848, Clarke to Clay, August 22, 1848, Meade, King, et al. to Clay, August 31, 1848, Clay to Cincinnati Whigs, September 1, 1848, Clay to Clarke, September 12, 1848, Ullmann to Clay, September 9, 1848, Clay to Ullmann, September 16, 1848, Dean to Clay, October 5, 1848, HCP HCP 10:5045, 522, 529, 536, 53738, 543, 550; Mower to Mangum, September 11, 1848, Mangum, 10:5045, 522, 529, 536, 53738, 543, 550; Mower to Mangum, September 11, 1848, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 5:111; Clayton to Crittenden, August 11, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC. 5:111; Clayton to Crittenden, August 11, 1848, Crittenden Papers, LOC.

99. Hoar to Webster, August 13, 1848, Webster Papers, Dartmouth. Hoar to Webster, August 13, 1848, Webster Papers, Dartmouth.

100. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, August 14, 1848. August 14, 1848.

101. Clay to Greeley, June 15, 1848, Clay to Graham, June 16, 1848, Clay to Harlan, June 22, 1848, Morehead to Clay, June 22, 1848, Clay to McMichael, September 16, 1848, Clay to Greeley, June 15, 1848, Clay to Graham, June 16, 1848, Clay to Harlan, June 22, 1848, Morehead to Clay, June 22, 1848, Clay to McMichael, September 16, 1848, HCP HCP 10:489, 492, 500, 54142. 10:489, 492, 500, 54142.

102. The Lexington The Lexington Observer & Kentucky Reporter Observer & Kentucky Reporter carried reports on his condition throughout the month, although the precise nature of his illness was never revealed. carried reports on his condition throughout the month, although the precise nature of his illness was never revealed.

103. Greeley, Greeley, Autobiography, Autobiography, 21415. 21415.

104. Owsley to Clay, June 20, 1848, Clay to Harlan, June 22, 1848, Owsley to Clay, June 20, 1848, Clay to Harlan, June 22, 1848, HCP HCP 10:498, 500. 10:498, 500.

105. Blaine to Ewing, October 9, 1848, James Gillespie Blaine Papers, Filson. Blaine to Ewing, October 9, 1848, James Gillespie Blaine Papers, Filson.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN.

"What Prodigies Arise"

1. Philadelphia Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, October 14, 1845; October 14, 1845; Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, October 13, 1845. October 13, 1845.

2. The Liberator, The Liberator, April 10, 1846; April 10, 1846; The Emancipator, The Emancipator, May 27, 1846. May 27, 1846.

3. The Emancipator, The Emancipator, July 1, 1846. July 1, 1846.

4. Ivan E. McDougle, "Public Opinion Regarding Emancipation and Colonization," Ivan E. McDougle, "Public Opinion Regarding Emancipation and Colonization," Journal of Negro History Journal of Negro History 3 (July 1918): 314; Clay to John M. Clay, April 20, 1852, Clay Papers, UVA. 3 (July 1918): 314; Clay to John M. Clay, April 20, 1852, Clay Papers, UVA.

5. Deed of Emancipation for Charles Dupuy, December 9, 1844, Deed of Emancipation for Charles Dupuy, December 9, 1844, HCP HCP 10:17677; 10:17677; Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 31 Cong., 1 sess., Appendix, 1633. In December 1844, Delia Webster was convicted of abducting slaves bound for Ohio and sentenced to two years in the Kentucky state penitentiary. Governor Owsley pardoned her, and she returned to Vermont in February 1846. Eight years later, she again returned to Kentucky to rescue slaves, but the state banished her. 31 Cong., 1 sess., Appendix, 1633. In December 1844, Delia Webster was convicted of abducting slaves bound for Ohio and sentenced to two years in the Kentucky state penitentiary. Governor Owsley pardoned her, and she returned to Vermont in February 1846. Eight years later, she again returned to Kentucky to rescue slaves, but the state banished her.

6. Goodwin, Goodwin, Team of Rivals, Team of Rivals, 2068. 2068.

7. Speech to the American Colonization Society, January 21, 1851, Clay to Hunkey, May 10, 1851, Speech to the American Colonization Society, January 21, 1851, Clay to Hunkey, May 10, 1851, HCP HCP 10:845, 890; 10:845, 890; National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, December 19, 1844. The saga of Levy is related in Clay to Clay, September 3, 1849, October 2, 1849; Clay to Clay, September 5, 1849, Clay to Hodges, September 15, 1849, December 19, 1844. The saga of Levy is related in Clay to Clay, September 3, 1849, October 2, 1849; Clay to Clay, September 5, 1849, Clay to Hodges, September 15, 1849, HCP HCP 10:614, 615, 616, 620. 10:614, 615, 616, 620.

8. Clay to Giddings, October 6, 1847, Clay to Giddings, October 6, 1847, HCP HCP 10:356. 10:356.

9. Certificate of Membership in the American Colonization Society, March 16, 1846, for Mrs. Emmeline Rockwell, Clay Papers, UVA; Davis to Clay, February 20, 1847, Thornton to Clay, June 8, 1846, November 1, 1847, Clay to McClain, June 5, 1847, Certificate of Membership in the American Colonization Society, March 16, 1846, for Mrs. Emmeline Rockwell, Clay Papers, UVA; Davis to Clay, February 20, 1847, Thornton to Clay, June 8, 1846, November 1, 1847, Clay to McClain, June 5, 1847, HCP HCP 10:27273, 308, 333, 359; Giles Badger Stebbins, 10:27273, 308, 333, 359; Giles Badger Stebbins, Facts and Opinions Touching the Real Origin, Character, and Influence of the American Colonization Society: Views of Wilberforce, Clarkson and Others, and Opinions of the Free People of Color of the United States Facts and Opinions Touching the Real Origin, Character, and Influence of the American Colonization Society: Views of Wilberforce, Clarkson and Others, and Opinions of the Free People of Color of the United States (Boston: J. P. Jewett, 1853). (Boston: J. P. Jewett, 1853).

10. Clay to Baldwin, August 28, 1838, Clay to Baldwin, August 28, 1838, HCP HCP 9:223. 9:223.

11. Clay to Coates, October 18, 1851, ibid., 10:925. Clay to Coates, October 18, 1851, ibid., 10:925.

12. Smith to Clay, March 21, 1839, ibid., 9:298. Smith to Clay, March 21, 1839, ibid., 9:298.

13. David L. Smiley, David L. Smiley, Lion of White Hall: The Life of Cassius M. Clay Lion of White Hall: The Life of Cassius M. Clay (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962), 52, 6162. Accounts vary as to the number of shots exchanged in Clay's duel with Robert Wickliffe. See Sehlinger, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962), 52, 6162. Accounts vary as to the number of shots exchanged in Clay's duel with Robert Wickliffe. See Sehlinger, Kentucky's Last Cavalier, Kentucky's Last Cavalier, 40. 40.

14. Cassius Marcellus Clay and Horace Greeley, Cassius Marcellus Clay and Horace Greeley, The Writings of Cassius Marcellus Clay: Including Speeches and Addresses The Writings of Cassius Marcellus Clay: Including Speeches and Addresses (New York: Harper, 1848), 3017, 33740; Harold D. Tallant, (New York: Harper, 1848), 3017, 33740; Harold D. Tallant, Evil Necessity: Slavery and Political Culture in Antebellum Kentucky Evil Necessity: Slavery and Political Culture in Antebellum Kentucky (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 11819; Smiley, (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 11819; Smiley, Lion of White Hall, Lion of White Hall, 5657; Clay to Clay, September 25, 1845, 5657; Clay to Clay, September 25, 1845, HCP HCP 10:241; Clement Eaton, "Mob Violence in the Old South," 10:241; Clement Eaton, "Mob Violence in the Old South," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29 (December 1942): 36162. 29 (December 1942): 36162.

15. The Pindell letter was printed first in the Lexington The Pindell letter was printed first in the Lexington Observer & Kentucky Reporter Observer & Kentucky Reporter and then by newspapers across the nation. See and then by newspapers across the nation. See National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, June 26, 1849. June 26, 1849.

16. Clay to Pindell, February 17, 1849, Clay to Pindell, February 17, 1849, HCP HCP 10:57479. 10:57479.

17. Quoted in Gettysburg Quoted in Gettysburg Star and Banner, Star and Banner, March 16, 1849. March 16, 1849.