75 Ibid., p.224 (letter 1325). Ibid., p.224 (letter 1325).

76 Philosophical Transactions Philosophical Transactions 1, 6 March 1665. 1, 6 March 1665.

77 The grave outbreak of plague in July 1665, which necessitated the removal of the Court first to Hampton Court and then to Oxford, and the dispersal of the Royal Society members to the safety of the country, marked the end of this phase in Hooke's longitude timekeeper aspirations. The grave outbreak of plague in July 1665, which necessitated the removal of the Court first to Hampton Court and then to Oxford, and the dispersal of the Royal Society members to the safety of the country, marked the end of this phase in Hooke's longitude timekeeper aspirations.

78 See below, See below, Chapter 12 Chapter 12.

79 It is via the Isle of Wight route that Holmes's path crossed that of Robert Hooke (born on that island). It has been plausibly argued that Grace, Robert's niece, was the mother of Holmes's illegitimate daughter Mary. See L. Jardine, It is via the Isle of Wight route that Holmes's path crossed that of Robert Hooke (born on that island). It has been plausibly argued that Grace, Robert's niece, was the mother of Holmes's illegitimate daughter Mary. See L. Jardine, The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London (London: HarperCollins, 2003). (London: HarperCollins, 2003).

80 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, p.224 (letter 1325). Huygens's att.i.tude to his first longitude clocks was entirely consistent: he doubted their suitability from the start ( 5, p.224 (letter 1325). Huygens's att.i.tude to his first longitude clocks was entirely consistent: he doubted their suitability from the start (Oeuvres Completes 4, p.285). 4, p.285).

81 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, p.256 (letter 1345). 5, p.256 (letter 1345).

82 Birch 2, p.21. Birch 2, p.21.

83 For a clear sense of the concern caused by Holmes's conduct on that voyage, and Pepys's lack of trust of him, see Pepys, For a clear sense of the concern caused by Holmes's conduct on that voyage, and Pepys's lack of trust of him, see Pepys, Diary Diary 6, p.43. 6, p.43.

84 Ibid., p.56. Ibid., p.56.

85 Birch, Birch, A History of the Royal Society A History of the Royal Society 2, p.23. 2, p.23.

86 Moray also added two further experiments Holmes claimed to have carried out with the clocks (ibid.). Moray also added two further experiments Holmes claimed to have carried out with the clocks (ibid.).

87 Ibid., p.26. Ibid., p.26.

88 I owe this discovery to C.H. Wilson, 'Who captured New Amsterdam?', I owe this discovery to C.H. Wilson, 'Who captured New Amsterdam?', English Historical Review English Historical Review 72 (1957), 46974: 'Fortunately our answer [to the question of whether Holmes was involved in the capture of New Amsterdam in 1664] need not rest on surmise, for we have Holmes's own account of his movements during the months when he is supposed by some historians to have been on his way to America, and capturing New Amsterdam [ 72 (1957), 46974: 'Fortunately our answer [to the question of whether Holmes was involved in the capture of New Amsterdam in 1664] need not rest on surmise, for we have Holmes's own account of his movements during the months when he is supposed by some historians to have been on his way to America, and capturing New Amsterdam [Captain Robert Holmes his Journalls of Two Voyages into Guynea in his M[ajesty']s Ships The Henrietta and the Jersey, Pepys Library Sea MSS. No. 2698]' (pp. 4723).

89 For Holmes's buccaneering style, see For Holmes's buccaneering style, see Captain Robert Holmes his Journalls of Two Voyages... Captain Robert Holmes his Journalls of Two Voyages..., p.168.

90 See Patterson, 'Pendulums of Wren and Hooke', pp.3025. See Patterson, 'Pendulums of Wren and Hooke', pp.3025.

91 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 7, pp.3234. Bruce's response to receiving his own complimentary copy of Huygens's 7, pp.3234. Bruce's response to receiving his own complimentary copy of Huygens's Horologium Oscillatorium Horologium Oscillatorium was similarly critical. See Leopold, 'Clockmaking in Britain and the Netherlands', p.41. was similarly critical. See Leopold, 'Clockmaking in Britain and the Netherlands', p.41.

11: Science Under the Microscope

1 I am extremely grateful to Dr Jan Broadway for this reference. I am extremely grateful to Dr Jan Broadway for this reference.

2 On the history of discovery and development of the microscope in the Netherlands see E.C. Ruestow, On the history of discovery and development of the microscope in the Netherlands see E.C. Ruestow, The Microscope in the Dutch Republic: The Shaping of Discovery The Microscope in the Dutch Republic: The Shaping of Discovery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), and S. Alpers, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), and S. Alpers, The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1983). (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1983).

3 It received the imprimatur of the Royal Society on 23 November 1664. It received the imprimatur of the Royal Society on 23 November 1664.

4 For a fuller version of this episode see L. Jardine, 'Robert Hooke: A reputation restored', in M. Cooper et al. (eds), For a fuller version of this episode see L. Jardine, 'Robert Hooke: A reputation restored', in M. Cooper et al. (eds), Robert Hooke: Tercentennial Studies Robert Hooke: Tercentennial Studies (Ashgate, 2006), pp.24758. (Ashgate, 2006), pp.24758.

5 13 February 1665. Huygens, 13 February 1665. Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, p.236. 5, p.236.

6 Ibid., p.245. Ibid., p.245.

7 On Huygens's annotations of his copy see M. Barth, 'Huygens at work: Annotations in his rediscovered personal copy of Hooke's "Micrographia"', On Huygens's annotations of his copy see M. Barth, 'Huygens at work: Annotations in his rediscovered personal copy of Hooke's "Micrographia"', Annals of Science Annals of Science 52 (1995), 60113. 52 (1995), 60113.

8 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, p.240. 5, p.240.

9 See the letter of thanks sent by Auzout to Sir Constantijn Huygens. I accept McKeon's redating of this letter: R.K. McKeon, See the letter of thanks sent by Auzout to Sir Constantijn Huygens. I accept McKeon's redating of this letter: R.K. McKeon, etabliss.e.m.e.nt de l'Astronome de Precision et Oeuvre d'Adrien Auzout etabliss.e.m.e.nt de l'Astronome de Precision et Oeuvre d'Adrien Auzout (2 fascicules), These presentee pour le Doctorat du Troisieme Cycle (Paris, 1965). (2 fascicules), These presentee pour le Doctorat du Troisieme Cycle (Paris, 1965).

10 5 June 1665 (n.s.). Huygens archive, Leiden. 5 June 1665 (n.s.). Huygens archive, Leiden.

11 Auzout proposed setting up the Observatory in the dedicatory letter to Louis XIV which prefaced his Auzout proposed setting up the Observatory in the dedicatory letter to Louis XIV which prefaced his L'Ephemeride du comete de 1664 L'Ephemeride du comete de 1664 (1665). (1665).

12 Hooke, Hooke, Micrographia Micrographia, fol. e1v.

13 Such a printed report is equivalent, in the period, to a priority claim, preceding an application for patent. Such a printed report is equivalent, in the period, to a priority claim, preceding an application for patent.

14 A. Auzout, A. Auzout, Lettre a Monsieur l'Abbe Charles, sur la Ragguaglio di nuove Osservationi da Giuseppe Campani Lettre a Monsieur l'Abbe Charles, sur la Ragguaglio di nuove Osservationi da Giuseppe Campani (Paris, 1665). Campani's book was reviewed in the first issue of the (Paris, 1665). Campani's book was reviewed in the first issue of the Philosophical Transactions Philosophical Transactions in London in March 1665. in London in March 1665.

15 Auzout and the Royal Society (i.e. Oldenburg) had been corresponding since early January 1665, following the publication of Auzout's Auzout and the Royal Society (i.e. Oldenburg) had been corresponding since early January 1665, following the publication of Auzout's L'Ephemeride du comete L'Ephemeride du comete. See A.R. and M.B. Hall (eds and trans.), The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg, 13 volumes: vols 19 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 196573); vols 1011 (London: Mansell, 197576); vols 1213 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1986) 2, pp.341; pp.35968. The Journal des scavans Journal des scavans began publication in January 1665, but ceased after three months. It began again in January 1666. Thus Auzout's published letters may well have been intended for publication in the began publication in January 1665, but ceased after three months. It began again in January 1666. Thus Auzout's published letters may well have been intended for publication in the Journal Journal, where indeed a review of the Campani (probably by Auzout) was eventually published in January 1666.

16 See Oldenburg, See Oldenburg, Correspondence Correspondence 2, pp.383410. 2, pp.383410.

17 Ibid., p.384. See also Preface fol. b1r. Ibid., p.384. See also Preface fol. b1r.

18 Ibid., p.420. Ibid., p.420.

19 Ibid., p.429. Ibid., p.429.

20 M. Hunter, A. Clericuzio, and L.M. Principe, M. Hunter, A. Clericuzio, and L.M. Principe, The Correspondence of Robert Boyle The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 6 vols (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2001) 2, p.387.

21 Moray also explained to Huygens that Hooke was having to put a lot of effort into preparing the lectures he had undertaken under the sponsorship of Sir John Cutler. So Cutler (another who dogged Hooke's career, and caused him long-running difficulties) is already involved in this episode. Moray also explained to Huygens that Hooke was having to put a lot of effort into preparing the lectures he had undertaken under the sponsorship of Sir John Cutler. So Cutler (another who dogged Hooke's career, and caused him long-running difficulties) is already involved in this episode.

22 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, p.213. 5, p.213.

23 Huygens had already made a note to himself to make the iron circle a modification in his own machine six months earlier. Huygens had already made a note to himself to make the iron circle a modification in his own machine six months earlier.

24 13 September 1664 (Huygens archive, Leiden). In October 1665 Moray (in Oxford) reported to Huygens that Oldenburg had informed him by letter that trials were revealing further problems (Huygens, 13 September 1664 (Huygens archive, Leiden). In October 1665 Moray (in Oxford) reported to Huygens that Oldenburg had informed him by letter that trials were revealing further problems (Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, pp.5036). 5, pp.5036).

25 For the intimate (indeed, pa.s.sionately affective) tone of these letters, at least in the early days of the correspondence, see the first letter sent by Moray, 31 May 1661 (Huygens archive, Leiden; also transcribed in Huygens, For the intimate (indeed, pa.s.sionately affective) tone of these letters, at least in the early days of the correspondence, see the first letter sent by Moray, 31 May 1661 (Huygens archive, Leiden; also transcribed in Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes).

26 This is confirmed by the fact that on 2 November 1664 Hooke was admonished to 'endeavour to have his new instrument for grinding optic-gla.s.ses ready against the next meeting' (T. Birch, This is confirmed by the fact that on 2 November 1664 Hooke was admonished to 'endeavour to have his new instrument for grinding optic-gla.s.ses ready against the next meeting' (T. Birch, A History of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, from its first Rise A History of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, from its first Rise, 4 vols (London, 1756) 1, p.483).

27 McKeon, McKeon, etabliss.e.m.e.nt de l'Astronome de Precision etabliss.e.m.e.nt de l'Astronome de Precision 2, pp.20910. 2, pp.20910.

28 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, p.156. See McKeon 1965 2, pp.11112. 5, p.156. See McKeon 1965 2, pp.11112.

29 This interest in Campani's techniques for making high-accuracy telescopes formed part of a larger debate about the Copernican theory of planetary motion, and the Inquisition's att.i.tude towards it. See for instance the review of Auzout's This interest in Campani's techniques for making high-accuracy telescopes formed part of a larger debate about the Copernican theory of planetary motion, and the Inquisition's att.i.tude towards it. See for instance the review of Auzout's Lettre a Monsieur l'Abbe Charles Lettre a Monsieur l'Abbe Charles (Paris, 1665) in the (Paris, 1665) in the Journal des scavans Journal des scavans of 11 January 1666. of 11 January 1666.

30 See McKeon, See McKeon, etabliss.e.m.e.nt de l'Astronome de Precision etabliss.e.m.e.nt de l'Astronome de Precision 2, p.211. 2, p.211.

31 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 5, p.174, 25 December 1664. McKeon 1965 2, p.112. 5, p.174, 25 December 1664. McKeon 1965 2, p.112.