Bacon, Sir Francis: Sir Constantijn Huygens meets, 167; 'New Atlantis', 81Baerle, David van, 1223Baerle, Gaspar van, 1501, 2545Baerle, Johan van II, 122, 238Baerle, Petronella van (wife of Paulus Bisschop), 122Baerle, Susanna van see see Huygens, Susanna Huygens, SusannaBallet de la Carmesse, 18892Bank of England: founded, 345, 3478Bedford, Francis Russell, 4th Earl of, 238Bedford Level, Cambridgeshire, 238Bentinck, Hans Willem (later 1st Earl of Portland): prepares Dutch invasion of England, 4, 37, 246; lands in England, 11; on lack of English support for invasion, 1516; correspondence with William, 28; and William's 1st Earl of Portland): prepares Dutch invasion of England, 4, 37, 246; lands in England, 11; on lack of English support for invasion, 1516; correspondence with William, 28; and William's Declaration Declaration, 29; gathers intelligence on English, 37, 50; negotiates with Brandenburg, 38; admires Wilton gardens, 50; garden designs at Hampton Court and Kensington Palace, 50; gardens and country estate, 225, 250, 252, 256; buys Sorgvliet from Jacob Cats, 239, 241; as adviser to William, 248; supplies plants to f.a.gel, 248; remarries, 256; earldom, 310Bentinck, Martha Jane (nee Temple), 256 Temple), 256Berckhout, Pieter Teding van, 144Beverning, Lord, 250Beverwijck, 323, 325Bisschop, Paulus, 122Blathwayt, William, 2602Bolsover House, England, 196, 210Boswell, James, 271Bourbon-Montpensier, Charlotte de, 230Boyle, Elizabeth see see Shannon, Viscountess Shannon, ViscountessBoyle, Francis see see Shannon, 1st Viscount Shannon, 1st ViscountBoyle, Robert: friendship with Burnet, 43; visits Netherlands, 170; on Grand Tour, 172; and Christiaan Huygens' watch mechanism, 267, 280; co-founds Royal Society, 273; leaves London during plague, 305Brandenburg, Friedrich, Elector of: accession, 38Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of ('Great Elector'): death, 38; marriage, 38, 75Brandenburg, Louise Henriette, Electress of, 38, 75, 147Brant, Isabella (Rubens's wife), 109Bray, Salomon de, 90Brazil: Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen's garden in, 2534; landscape, 2545 2545; Johan Maurits sends commodities to Sir Constantijn Huygens from, 333Brereton, William, 336Breughel, Jan I: Cattle Market Cattle Market, 123Briel, Den (frigate), 10 (frigate), 10Bril, Paul, 126Britain see see England EnglandBrouncker, William, 2nd Viscount, 2745, 279, 2812, 289, 3045Browne, Edward, 265, 356Bruce, Alexander see see Kincardine, 2nd Earl of Kincardine, 2nd Earl ofBruges: Charles II in, 175Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, 110, 116, 131, 184, 195Buren, Netherlands, 85Burlamachi, Philip, 100Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury: lands with William, 11, 14; as William's chaplain, 11, 46; on setting up of Convention (1688), 18; edits and translates William's Declaration Declaration, 29, 43; reads Declaration Declaration from Exeter cathedral pulpit, 31; influenced by Dutch Republic, 36; background and career, 423, 46; and William's aims, 42; and William's claim to English throne, 246; from Exeter cathedral pulpit, 31; influenced by Dutch Republic, 36; background and career, 423, 46; and William's aims, 42; and William's claim to English throne, 246; History of his own Times History of his own Times, 36Busschoff, Hermann, 343

C.

Calado, Manuel, 255Cambridge, Prince Charles, Duke of: death in babyhood, 66Cambridge University: Newton's position at, 31112Campani, Giuseppe, 297, 301Campen, Jacob van, 8990, 1568, 159 159, 204, 207, 20910, 333Carleton, Sir Dudley: diplomatic career, 94, 99101, 108; art collection and interests, 102, 10410, 112, 123; introduces Honthorst to Charles I, 131; protests at New Netherland Company in America, 321Caron, Noel de, Lord of Schoonewalle, 946Carr, Robert see see Somerset, Earl of Somerset, Earl ofCatherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II, 54, 78Cats, Jacob, 50, 220, 225, 231, 233, 238, 241Caus, Isaac de, 478Caus, Salomon de, 86, 228, 230; Hortus Palatinus Hortus Palatinus, 219Cavendish, Margaret, d.u.c.h.ess of Newcastle, 149, 194 194, 1967, 2001, 203, 2089Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland: garden, 22; portraits, 55 55, 74 74, 109, 117, 120, 148; execution, 65, 113, 120, 238; and daughter Mary's marriage, 67, 6970, 73; personal rule, 67; and Civil War, 72; gives pension to Elizabeth of Bohemia, 88; welcomes Sir Constantijn Huygens, 95, 212; art collection sold and dispersed, 108, 11517, 131, 137; and Dutch artists, 1301; and Lanier, 198; ostentation, 207; visits Wilton, 219; appoints Vermuyden to drain Hatfield Chase, 2378; financial anxieties, 347Charles II, King of Great Britain and Ireland: and garden design, 21, 224, 226; and succession, 545, 88; declines Dutch appeal for support against French, 623; proposed Dutch marriages, 757; in Netherlands, 767 767, 88, 170, 172, 204, 269; and Elizabeth Killigrew, 77, 170; mistresses and illegitimate children, 778, 1701; Restoration and return to England (1660), 77, 139, 197; marriage to Catherine of Braganza, 78; relations with William, 80; reacquires royal works of art, 117; Hanneman portrait, 132; Dutch gift of paintings on Restoration, 13940, 142, 143 143, 1445; in Spa, 1612; excluded from United Provinces, 175; in Antwerp, 178; hears Anne de la Barre sing, 186; and Ballet de la Carmesse Ballet de la Carmesse, 192; and Duke of Newcastle's move to Antwerp, 195; and Prince Rupert's drops, 202; rebuilds Greenwich palace, 206; coronation, 274, 315; and charter for Connecticut, 317; anti-Dutch courtiers, 327, 329; and British a.s.sault on Dutch settlements in North America, 327, 3312; entertains William on visit to London, 3501; William attempts to recover money from, 3502; signs Treaty of Dover (1670), 352Chester, 32China: medical practices imported to West, 3445Christina, Queen of Sweden, 185, 187, 196, 2223Civil War (English, 16426), 723, 169Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of: and daughter Anne's marriage to James, Duke of York, 54; commissions Lely portraits, 135; on Downing's financial reforms, 3478Clarendon, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of: sees William's Declaration Declaration, 30; as Anne Hyde's brother, 56; on Maria of Modena's pregnancy, 56Cleves, 256Clifford, Anne see see Pembroke, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, Anne, Countess ofClingendael, 234 234, 241, 2423 2423, 245clocks and watches: mechanisms, 263, 26683, 267 267, 28990, 306, 329; see also see also longitude longitudeColbert, Jean-Baptiste, 308Coligny, Louise de (William the Silent's widow), 98Compton, Henry, Bishop of London, 250, 252Coninckloo, Gillis van, 123Connecticut, 31617, 330Coques, Gonzales, 90, 177Cortlandt, Maria van, 333Corus Steel, 358Coster, Salomon, 270, 278Cousyns, Stepha.n.u.s, 249 249Couwenbergh, Christiaan van, 90Craven, William, Earl of, 20, 191Crayer, Caspar de, 901Crofts, William, 171 171Cromwell, Oliver, 113, 118, 1345, 161, 197, 336, 349Cromwell, Richard, 197Culross, Fife, 273Cusance, Beatrice de, 198

D.

Danby, Thomas...o...b..rne, 1st Earl of (later Duke of Leeds), 17, 57 Duke of Leeds), 17, 57Danckerts, Hendrick, 245 245, 147Danvers, Henry, Baron (later Earl of Danby), 102, 106 Earl of Danby), 102, 106Davenant, Sir William, 173Davidson, Sir William, 293Delft faience, 240 240, 2612Descartes, Rene, 153; Discours de la methode Discours de la methode, 1534Desmarets, Daniel, 250Desolate Boedelkamer (bankruptcy chamber): art auctions, 122Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th Earl of, 56Dieussart, Francois, 1389, 1601Dijkvelt, Everard van Weede van: prepares invasion of England, 4; correspondence with William, 28; and William's Declaration Declaration, 29; as amba.s.sador to England, 37Donne, John, 167Doort, Abraham van der, 108, 115Dorp, Dorothea van, 149, 152Dou, Gerrit, 1434; The Young Mother The Young Mother (painting), 140, (painting), 140, 141 141, 145Doublet (or Doubleth), Gertruyd (nee Huygens), 211, 242 Huygens), 211, 242Doublet (or Doubleth), Philips, jr, 93, 211, 234 234, 241, 242 242, 2456, 290Doublet (or Doubleth), Philips, sr, 245Doublet, Susanna (nee Huygens), 93, 2413, Huygens), 93, 2413, 242 242, 244 244, 308Dover, Treaty of (1670), 353Downing, Sir George, 3301, 3458Drebbel, Cornelius, 167Dryden, John, 173Duarte family, 1778, 177 177, 1824, 195, 198Duarte, Constantia, 178Duarte, Diego (Gaspar's father), 177Duarte, Diego (Gaspar's son), 120, 177, 183Duarte, Francesca, 182Duarte, Gaspar, 1201, 169, 1768, 1801, 183, 186, 259Duarte, Jacob, 177, 1801Dugdale, William, 291Dumanoir, Guillaume, 192Durham, 312Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC): activities, 241, 247, 319, 33940; founding charter, 338; financing, 33940; relations with English East India Company, 3401, 349; protected by state, 347Dutch Republic see see United Provinces United ProvincesDutch West India Company (West-Indische Compagnie; WIC): captures Spanish treasure, 845; influence, 241; activities, 319; formed, 321; in North America (New Netherland), 3212, 3246, 332; protected by state, 347Dyck, Sir Anthony (Anton) van: portraits of Charles I, 55 55, 75 75, 117, 148; wedding portrait of William III, 70, 71 71; Webb purchases Stuart portraits by, 116; Duarte deals in paintings, 1201; Sir Constantijn Huygens praises, 126; Huygens introduces Lievens to, 129; at English court, 1301; self-portrait, 130 130; travels, 130; death, 134; mourning picture of Thomas Killigrew and William Crofts, 171 171, 172Dyrham Park, near Bath, 2601

E.

East India Company (English), 340, 349Elizabeth I, Queen, 54Elizabeth, Princess (daughter of Charles I), 67Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia and Electress Palatine ('The Winter Queen'): served by Lord Craven, 20; in Heidelberg, 48, 86, 228; Princess Mary Stuart serves, 67; courtly life and culture, 812, 84, 86, 889, 191, 198; life and career, 867, 87 87; progress to Heidelberg, 86, 108; commissions art works, 129, 131; Dieussart's bust of, 138; permanent residence in The Hague, 167, 174, 189, 229; aids Thomas Killigrew, 172; and George Morley, 176; and Anne de la Barre, 187; Lower dedicates work to, 188; and Ballet de la Carmesse Ballet de la Carmesse, 1902; finances, 191; forfeits claim to Bohemian crown, 219, 2289England (Britain): William of Orange invades, 1, 23 23, 48; Convention formed (1688), 18; and succession to throne, 546, 627; Dutch art and artists in, 11315, 135; Royal Collection of art, 1445, 1478; marriages with Dutch partners, 15960; gardens, 262; overseas compet.i.tion with Dutch, 319, 3267, 32930, 3323, 340; fiscal policy and reforms, 3478; economic prosperity, 357; see also see also Anglo-Dutch wars Anglo-Dutch wa.r.s.ess.e.x, Arthur Capel, 1st Earl of, 43Evelyn, John: on James II's Catholicism, 4; on English apprehensions of Dutch invasion, 5, 26; on William's landing and intentions, 1415; on Dutch art fair, 1212; on palace of Rijswijk, 140; praises Dou painting, 144; on Antwerp, 175; on Duarte home, 1778; on trees in Dutch towns and gardens, 225, 237; on ancients' lack of interest in exotic plants, 250; on Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen, 253; on Blathwayt, 260; visits Fromanteel with Christiaan Huygens, 274; Sylva Sylva, 226, 237, 253Everdingen, Caesar van, 90Exeter, 14, 16, 31, 46

F.

f.a.gel, Gaspar: and William's Declaration Declaration, 29; and French trade war, 39; Burnet works with, 43; as adviser to William, 246; family, 246; garden and plants, 24650, 249 249, 252; transfers plants to Hampton Court, 2489Fairfax, Thomas, 3nd Baron, 219Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas, 31112Finch, Sir Heneage, 282Fitzcharles, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta, 171Flines, Agnes de (Agnes Block), 250Fort Orange see see Albany AlbanyFourment, Helene (Rubens' second wife), 179 179Fox, Sir Stephen, 1416France: support for James II, 4; James II's exile in, 18; trade war with Dutch, 33, 3940, 42; as threat to Dutch Republic, 37, 41, 623, 353; anti-Protestant measures, 41; William's campaign against, 263Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 48, 868, 219, 2289Frederik Hendrik, Stadholder: marriage, 67, 111, 212; and Stuart-Orange marriage alliances, 6770, 73, 75; pictured, 68 68, 89 89, 90; tours Netherlands with Princess Mary, 72; death, 76, 89, 138, 209; court life and culture, 82, 84, 86, 89, 212; claims share of captured Spanish silver, 85; Sir Constantijn Huygens as First Secretary to, 100, 110, 126, 152; art interests and collection, 129, 132, 2078; and Duarte, 178, 180, 183; buildings and improvements, 209; gardening interests, 2223, 231, 235; shelters Elector Frederick, 229; acquires and rebuilds Honselaarsdijk, 235Fromanteel, Ahasuerus, 274, 277Fromanteel, John, 277

G.

Gage, George, 102, 103 103, 105, 108Gale (Master of St Paul's School), 354garden design and landscaping: Dutch, 24, 205, 21013, 214 214, 21518, 2226, 2316, 234 234, 236 236, 239, 2412, 24450, 2523; and drainage problems, 235, 239; water features, 246; in Brazil, 2536; financing, 2567, 260; in Britain, 262Geldorp, George, 135Gerbier, Sir Balthasar, 131, 135Gheyn, Jacob de, sr (Jacob de Gheyn II), 99, 292Gheyn, Jacob de, jr (Jacob de Gheyn III), 99, 99 99, 1078, 1378, 292Glorious Revolution (1688): and William's invasion, 279, 31, 42; and Dutch international aims, 41Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, 172, 198G.o.ddard, Jonathan, 274Goltzius, Hendrik, 126Good Hope, Cape of, 320Goree, Guinea, 327gout: treatment, 3414, 344 344Goyen, Jan Josephszoon van, 126Graeff, Andries de, 1402Great Fire of London (1666), 147; memorial inscription, 3535Great Plague (1665), 302, 305Grebber, Frans Pieter de, 90, 134Greenwich palace, 206Gresham, Sir Thomas, 205Guinea: Holmes sacks Dutch settlements, 285, 288; trading opportunities, 327Gunpowder Plot (1605), 10Gunterstein: garden, 246, 24950, 252

H.

Haarlem, Cornelis, 126Hague, The: admired in England, 81; courts, 812, 856, 88, 91; building and improvement, 85; Huygens' house in, 1578, 158 158, 2078, 209 209; plague (1635), 158; English exiles in, 175, 212Halen, Peter van, 1234Halley, Edmond, 310, 315Hampden, John, 312Hampton Court: gardens, 50, 224, 226, 2489, 252; Christiaan Huygens visits, 310Hanau, Count of, 84Hanneman, Adriaen, 132, 133 133, 134, 188; portrait of William, 133 133Harrison, John, 284Hartlib, Samuel, 316Hatfield Chase, Lincolnshire, 232, 2378Heenvliet, Jan van der Kerckhoven, Lord of, 68Heidelberg, 86; gardens, 48, 48 48, 219, 22831Hein, Admiral Piet, 84Heinsius, Daniel, 354Held, Julius, 156, 157h.e.l.levoetsluis, 6, 15Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I, 70, 723, 75, 78, 116, 163, 1868, 21213, 351Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, 108Herbert, Admiral Arthur, Earl of Torrington, 16Hesse, Johan van, 172Hoefnagel family, 98Hoefnagel, Jacob, 98Hoefnagel, Joris, 292Hofwijk, Voorburg (Sir Constantijn Huygens' estate), 164, 166, 183, 208, 210, 211 211, 21213, 214 214, 21519, 2278, 229 229, 2334, 245, 308Hollandine, Louise, 132Holles, Sir Frescheville, 284 284Holmes, Sir Robert, 2839, 284 284, 3267, 329Hondius, Hendrik, 126Honselaarsdijk, 22, 85, 204, 212, 224, 2357, 236 236, 241, 245Honthorst, Gerrit (Gerard) van, 85, 88, 90, 126, 131, 138Hoogstraten, Samuel van, 145, 147; The Slippers The Slippers (painting), (painting), 146 146Hooke, Robert: on William's invasion, 15; on Prince Rupert's drops, 203; scientific endeavour, 266; and clock and watch mechanism, 2678, 27982, 284, 291, 301, 306; and determination of longitude, 2801, 285, 288; reputation, 293, 296; Christiaan Huygens jr criticises, 296; in controversy with Auzout, 2978, 3023, 3058; on need for high-quality lenses, 297; involvement with Royal Society, 2989; lens-making machine, 298302, 304, 306; as Curator of Experiments at Royal Society, 301, 313; leaves London (1665), 302, 306; supports Stuart royals, 308; career setbacks, 313; lectures at Royal Society, 31314; work on optics, 313; ill health, 314; on Chinese medical practices, 3445; and inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 354; discusses Temple of Solomon with Wren, 357; Micrographia Micrographia, 2913, 2945 2945, 296300, 299 299, 3067, 307 307, 31213Hortus Pembrochia.n.u.s, 47Hoskins, Sir John, 315Hudson, Henry, 321Huguenots: support William, 31; flee France after revocation of Edict of Nantes, 41Huis ten Bosch, The Hague, 8990, 138, 209, 246Hume, Sir Alexander, 190, 271Hutchinson, Colonel John, 116Huygens family, 47, 92 92, 93Huygens, Christiaan, jr: cosmopolitanism, 7; career, 93; and Prince Rupert's drops, 203; at Hofwijk, 213; mental health problems, 213, 290, 308; requests copy of Evelyn's Sylva Sylva from Royal Society, 227; correspondence with Philips Doublet, 2456; develops and tests watch and clock mechanisms, 263, 26674, from Royal Society, 227; correspondence with Philips Doublet, 2456; develops and tests watch and clock mechanisms, 263, 26674, 267 267, 27684, 28991, 31415, 329; in France, 264, 308; scientific interests and activities, 264, 266; in England, 274, 30910, 315; friendship and correspondence with Moray, 274, 277, 300, 306, 308; portrait, 275 275; and determination of longitude at sea, 283; questions Holmes's report, 2856; and Hooke's Micrographia Micrographia, 291, 293, 296, 298; interest in microscopy, 2923; and lens-making, 292, 300; criticises Hooke, 296, 304; and Hooke's lens-grinding machine, 3002, 306; in The Hague during Great Plague (1665), 305; retires to father's estate, 308; elected first overseas member of Royal Society, 309, 316; reads and approves of Newton's Principia Principia, 309; attends Royal Society meetings, 310, 313; audience with William, 31011; and Newton's political involvement, 31112; relations with Newton, 31213; reputation, 31516; appointment in Paris, 316; planetary observations, 31618; Discours sur la cause de la pesanteur Discours sur la cause de la pesanteur, 314; Horologium Oscillatorium Horologium Oscillatorium, 284, 28990; Systema Saturnium Systema Saturnium, 31617; Traite de la lumiere Traite de la lumiere, 309, 313Huygens, Christiaan, sr, 93, 97, 102, 108Huygens, Constantia see see Wilhem, Constantia de Wilhem, Constantia deHuygens, Sir Constantijn: and William's invasion, 7; and William's expectation of English throne, 80; as art adviser to courts, 823, 85, 8990, 112, 118, 1257, 1389, 207, 210; career and influence, 913, 100, 11112; portrayed, 92 92, 96 96, 128 128, 1312, 134, 144, 155 155, 1569, 206, 342 342; in England, 948, 101, 1056, 10910, 1667, 350; musical virtuosity and activities, 958, 159, 1634, 166, 180, 1857, 1923, 354; art interests, 989, 107, 109; as personal secretary and adviser to Frederik Hendrik and William II, 100, 110, 126, 152; marriage to Susanna van Baerle, 122, 149, 152, 1556; commends Rubens' Head of Medusa Head of Medusa, 125 125, 126; praises and encourages Lievens and Rembrandt, 1269, 131, 137; aids Hanneman, 132; acquires Rembrandt painting, 137; and 'Dutch Gift' to Charles II, 13940, 1423; attachment to talented women, 149, 1634, 266; poetry, 149, 153, 157, 160, 210, 21516, 227, 233, 354; and Susanna's death, 1523, 210; and Descartes, 1534; houses and properties, 1578, 158 158, 164, 166, 183, 204, 20710, 209 209, 211 211, 21213, 214 214, 21517; relations with Anna Morgan, 1602; and Anglo-Dutch wars, 162; friendship with Killigrews, 1669; helps Mary Killigrew find house in UP, 173; and Duarte, 178, 1803; and Ballet de la Carmesse Ballet de la Carmesse, 192; friendship with Lanier, 198; correspondence with Margaret Cavendish, 2003; and Prince Rupert's drops, 2013; architectural interests and taste, 204, 2078; provides Latin inscription for William the Silent's tomb, 205; and Rubenshuis, 207; garden designs and interests, 210, 21519, 2245, 227, 229 229, 230, 2335; entertains exiled English royals in Netherlands, 21213; helps broker William-Mary marriage, 212; designs road from The Hague to Scheveningen, 225 225, 226; visits Heidelberg, 230; helps finance Vermuyden's drainage scheme, 238; owns land in England, 238; and daughter Susanna's wedding, 2424; pride in son Christiaan, 270; and Hoefnagel family, 292; sends extracts from Hooke's Micrographia Micrographia to son Christiaan, 296; son Christiaan lives with in old age, 308; and son Christiaan's career, 315; oversees building of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, 333; and new medical knowledge from overseas, 3413; attempts to recover money owing from Charles II to William, 3512; role in Anglo-Dutch collaboration, 3523; proposes inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 3535; to son Christiaan, 296; son Christiaan lives with in old age, 308; and son Christiaan's career, 315; oversees building of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, 333; and new medical knowledge from overseas, 3413; attempts to recover money owing from Charles II to William, 3512; role in Anglo-Dutch collaboration, 3523; proposes inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 3535; Pathodia Sacra et Profana Pathodia Sacra et Profana (song collection), 159, 1634, 185 (song collection), 159, 1634, 185Huygens, Constantijn, jr: on invasion fleet and landing, 7, 9, 11, 14, 467; as William's secretary, 7, 93, 263; portrayed, 9 9, 158, 159 159; admires English countryside, 18; paintings and drawings, 18, 211 211, 214 214, 215, 264 264; countersigns William's Declaration Declaration, 46; accompanies William on journey from Torbay to London, 479; on Wilton House gardens, 48; and William's claim to English throne, 656; selects art works from English Royal Collection for William and Mary, 1478; in Arnhem with mother, 158; and father's relations with Duarte girls, 163; and Duartes' art dealing, 183; garden, 242; marriage, 2423, 246, 273; with William on campaign against French, 290; grinds lenses, 292; status and power in England, 3089; and brother Christiaan's visit to England, 30910; influence at William's court, 312; and William's acceptance by English, 34950Huygens, Gertruyd see see Doublet (or Doubleth), Gertruyd Doublet (or Doubleth), GertruydHuygens, Lodewijk: career, 93; in England, 11617; on low price of paintings in England, 116, 137, 160, 219; with mother in 1635 plague, 158; Anna Morgan's hospitality to, 160; in First Dutch War, 162; in France, 264; and brother Christiaan, 277Huygens, Maurits, 152, 211Huygens, Susanna (nee Rijkaert; Constantijn jr's wife), 246 Rijkaert; Constantijn jr's wife), 246Huygens, Susanna (nee van Baerle; Sir Constantijn's wife): marriage, 122, 14951, 1556, 159; death, 1524, 163, 210; and Descartes' writings, 154; portrait, van Baerle; Sir Constantijn's wife): marriage, 122, 14951, 1556, 159; death, 1524, 163, 210; and Descartes' writings, 154; portrait, 155 155, 156, 1578, 206; helps plan family home, 158Hyde, Anne see seeYork, Anne, d.u.c.h.ess of

I.

Isham, Justinian, 239Israel, Jonathan, 27, 41

J.

James I, King of England (James VI of Scotland): and Sir Constantijn Huygens, 948, 212, 237James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (earlier Duke of York): abdicates on William's invasion, 1, Duke of York): abdicates on William's invasion, 1, 6 6, 16, 26; nosebleeds, 5; first attempted flight, 17, 20; reaches France, 18, 21, 23; Catholicism, 26, 37, 40; and English succession, 29, 66; and William's Declaration Declaration, 2930, 33; birth of son, 37, 634, 789; marriage to Maria of Modena, 378, 66, 78; pro-French stance, 40; Burnet writes against, 43; as patron of Lely, 135; and Huygens's ballet, 188; in Antwerp, 198; Holmes serves, 285, 2878; Hooke supports, 308; interference at Cambridge University, 310; Albany (New York) named after, 326; and West African slave trade, 327; granted Dutch territories in North America, 329James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales ('the Old Pretender'), birth and doubts over legitimacy, 378, 534, 634, 789Janssens, Cornelius, 126Jeffreys, George, 1st Baron: holds Great Seal, 17; Newton confronts at Cambridge, 310Jersey (ship), 283, 2867 (ship), 283, 2867Jews: in Antwerp, 1767; settle in New Amsterdam, 323Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen see see Na.s.sau-Siegen, Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen, Johan Maurits vanJones, Inigo, 102, 108Jonson, Ben, 167Jordaens, Jacob: The Triumph of Frederik Hendrik The Triumph of Frederik Hendrik (painting), (painting), 89 89, 90Journal des scavans, 283, 3045, 3078Jupiter (planet), 31718

K.

Karl Ludwig (Charles Lewis), Elector Palatine, 88Kensington Palace: gardens, 50Kerckhoven, Jan van der see see Heenvliet, Lord of Heenvliet, Lord ofKeyser, family de, 2057Keyser, Hendrick de, 205, 354Keyser, Hendrick, the younger, 206Keyser, Thomas de, 159Keyser, Willem de, 206Killigrew, Anne, 168Killigrew, Cecilia (nee Crofts), Crofts), 171 171, 172Killigrew, Charles: death, 1678Killigrew, Charlotte (nee van Hesse-Piershil), 1723 van Hesse-Piershil), 1723Killigrew, Elizabeth see see Shannon, Elizabeth, Viscountess Shannon, Elizabeth, ViscountessKilligrew, Mary, Lady (nee Woodhouse; Woodhouse; later later Lady Stafford), 1678, 173 Lady Stafford), 1678, 173Killigrew, Sir Robert, 164, 1667, 169, 198Killigrew, Robert (son of Thomas and Charlotte), 173Killigrew, Thomas, 168, 170, 171 171, 1724Killigrew, William, 167Kincardine, Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of: and Christiaan Huygens' clock mechanism, 26879, 2814, 289, 291Kincardine, Veronica, Countess of (nee van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck), 271, van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck), 271, 272 272, 2734King's College, Cambridge, 312

L.

la Barre, Anne de, 1857landscaping see see garden design garden designLanier, Nicholas, 164, 165 165, 167, 169, 198Leake, John, 239le Blon, Michel, 83, 110Leers, Arnold, 31Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 264, 292, 343Leeuwenhorst: garden, 2467, 249Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 312Leiden: gardens, 226, 250Lely, Sir Pieter, 1346, 136 136, 147, 195 195le Notre, Andre, 245lenses, 292, 296302, 3046Leon, Jacob Judah ('Templo'), 3567Leopold Wilhelm, Archduke, 90Lievens, Jan: paintings in Huis ten Bosch, 90; Sir Constantijn Huygens promotes, 1267; qualities, 127; portrait of Huygens senior, 128 128, 144, 1567; paintings for Frederik Hendrik, 129; reputation, 129; in England, 131; few works in English royal collection, 131, 145; works with van Ravenstijn, 132; crucifixion painting, 137; with Dou in Rembrandt's studio, 143; Soothsayer Soothsayer (painting), 129 (painting), 129Locke, John, 309; Two Treatises on Government Two Treatises on Government, 356Lombeek, 264 264London: William arrives in, 1823, 445 445; Dutch occupation, 27; see also see also England; Royal Society England; Royal SocietyLondon, George, 252Long Island, 321, 326longitude: and timekeepers, 2757, 279, 2814, 2867, 28990Loo, Het, near Appeldoorn, 50, 145, 148Lope, Alonse de, 181Lopes Sua.s.so, Francisco, 6, 51 51, 52Lorraine, d.u.c.h.ess of, 200Louis XIV: as threat to Dutch Republic, 378, 623; trade war with Dutch, 39, 42; anti-Protestant measures, 41; seizes Orange, 63, 315; Versailles garden, 242; Christiaan Huygens dedicates Horologium Oscillatorium Horologium Oscillatorium to, 290; and Auzout's ambitions, 308; and Treaty of Dover (1670), 352 to, 290; and Auzout's ambitions, 308; and Treaty of Dover (1670), 352Louise de Coligny, Princess of Orange, 230Louise Henriette, Princess, 75Louise, Princess Palatine (Amalia von Solms's daughter), 190Louise-Juliana of Orange-Na.s.sau, Electress, 22930Lovelace, John, 3rd Baron, 32Lower, Sir William: Enchanted Lovers Enchanted Lovers, 188Lucas, Margaret (Duke of Newcastle's first wife), 195Lumley, Richard, Baron (later 1st Earl of Scarborough), 32 1st Earl of Scarborough), 32Lundi, Sir Arnout, 180Luxembourg: France annexes (1684), 63

M.

Manhattan Island, 317, 3213, 3245 3245, 3312, 341Marchin, General, 197Maria of Modena, Queen of James II: pregnancy and birth of son, 378, 534, 56, 634, 789; marriage and daughters, 66, 78Marnix, Elizabeth (Lady Morgan), 160Marnix, Philips, Heer van St Aldegonde, 160Marvell, Andrew: poems on gardens, 216, 219, 232Mary II (Stuart), Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland: and William's invasion, 1, 42, 179; sees off William's invasion fleet, 15; accepted as monarch, 26; in William's Declaration Declaration, 33; pictured, 34 34; claims to English throne, 36, 623, 66, 79, 247, 310; porcelain collection, 52; marriage and residence in The Hague, 53, 62, 66, 6970, 71 71, 72, 75, 767 767, 163, 212, 239, 352; and Maria of Modena's pregnancy, 56, 182; bust, 61 61; influence, 78; Hanneman portrait, 132; art collection, 145, 148; and Boyle brothers, 170; in Antwerp, 175, 178; given wedding jewel by William, 1803, 182 182; status in Netherlands, 213; garden interests, 249; and Dutch economic decline, 357; Memoire Memoire, 79Mary Queen of Scots, 54Mary (ship), 139 (ship), 139Mary (Stuart), Princess Royal (William's mother): death, 62; as sister to Charles II, 62; status, 64, 91, 118; marriage to William II, 67, 111; court in The Hague, 812, 856, 91; forbidden to give sanctuary to English royal exiles, 113; portraits, 119 119, 188, 189 189; as patron of Hanneman, 132, 134; Huygens and, 161; in Spa, 1612; and Anne de la Barre, 186; and Ballet de la Carmesse Ballet de la Carmesse, 18890; dancing, 192; in Antwerp, 198; and son William's education, 204Matthew, Toby, 108Maurits of Na.s.sau, Stadholder, 82, 97, 235Mauritshuis, The Hague, 157, 158 158, 204, 207, 333; garden, 256medicine: new knowledge imported from overseas, 3414Meester, Willem, 11Meurs, Jan, 1234microscopes, 292, 296Mierevelt, Michiel van, 88, 126Minuit, Paul, 3213Mitjens, Daniel, 132Moer, Elizabeth van der, 122Mollet, Andre, 2224, 237, 259; The Garden of Pleasure The Garden of Pleasure, 212, 223, 223 223Moluccas, 241Molyneux, Thomas, 309Monconys, Balthasar de, 202Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of: birth, 77Montias, John Michael, 120Moray, Sir Robert: and Burnet, 43; as President of Royal Society, 202; in Low Countries, 2689; and Christiaan Huygens' watch and clock mechanism, 26972, 2745, 27780, 282, 284, 289, 301; serves Charles II, 272; as founder member of Royal Society, 273; friendship and correspondence with Christiaan Huygens, 274, 277, 300, 306, 308; and Huygens' questioning of Holmes's report, 2856; recommends Hooke's Micrographia Micrographia to Christiaan Huygens, 293, 298; on Hooke's lens-grinding, 298, 300, 306; in Hooke-Auzout controversy, 304, 308; with Royal Society in Oxford, 305; letter from Winthrop on astronomy, 317 to Christiaan Huygens, 293, 298; on Hooke's lens-grinding, 298, 300, 306; in Hooke-Auzout controversy, 304, 308; with Royal Society in Oxford, 305; letter from Winthrop on astronomy, 317Mordaunt, Charles, 50Morgan, Anna (later Lady Strickland), 1602 Lady Strickland), 1602Morgan, Sir Charles, 160Morgan, Sir Lewis, 160Morley, George, Bishop of Worcester, 176Morrice, William, 2812Munster, Treaty of (1648), 175Mytens, Daniel, 1089

N.

Nantes, Edict of: Revocation (1685), 31, 41Na.s.sau-Dietz, Willem Frederik van, Stadholder of Friesland, 172Na.s.sau-Siegen, Johan Maurits van, 138, 157, 2523, 333Na.s.sau-Zuijlenstein, Frederick van, 28, 170Na.s.sau-Zuijlenstein, Mary van (nee Killigrew), 170 Killigrew), 170Neile, Sir Paul, 202Netscher, Gaspar: portrait of Susanna Huygens, 244 244New Amsterdam (later New York), New York), 322 322, 323, 3245 3245, 326, 3313New Netherland (North America): settled by Dutch, 3201, 3236; appropriated by British, 326, 329, 3312, 341, 346New Netherland Company, 321Newcastle, d.u.c.h.ess of see see Cavendish, Margaret Cavendish, MargaretNewcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 175, 1958, 199 199, 200, 203, 2089; Methode et invention de dresser les chevaux Methode et invention de dresser les chevaux, 197Newton, Sir Isaac: political activities, 31011, 311 311, 313; preferment at Cambridge, 31112; relations with Christiaan Huygens, 31213; at Royal Society meetings, 31314; as Master of Royal Mint, 313; Principia Principia, 30910, 313Nicholas, Sir Edward, 134, 190Nicolls, Richard, 32931Nijmegen, Treaty of (1678), 38North-East Pa.s.sage, 321North-West Pa.s.sage, 321Nys (or Nice), Daniel, 1001

O.

Ogle, Utricia see see Swann, Utricia, Lady Swann, Utricia, LadyOldenburg, Henry, 202, 2656, 268, 274, 282, 289, 2979, 3017Oosterwyck, Severijn, 276, 278Orange, House of: and English succession, 54, 56, 667; control of Netherlands, 64; marriage negotiations with Stuarts, 738; art interests and collecting, 113, 125Orange (southern France), 63, 315Orleans, Philippe, Duke of, 78Orleans, Princess Henriette, d.u.c.h.ess of, 78, 132Orlers, Jan, 129Orphan Chamber auctions, Amsterdam, 122Overbury, Sir Thomas, 101Oxford, 32

P.

Palmer, Sir Geoffrey., 282Pegge, Catherine, 77Pembroke, Anne, Countess of (nee Clifford), 218, Clifford), 218, 2201 2201Pembroke, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of, 21819, 2201 2201Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of, 478Pepys, Samuel, 135, 145, 147, 173, 2857, 287 287, 289, 327, 346Petty, Sir William, 302, 305Philip I V, King of Spain, 67, 117Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 265, 283, 297, 3035, 3078plants (botanical), 24750, 252Plein, Het, 157Poelenburg, Cornelis van, 126Porter, Endymion, 195Portland, 1st Earl of see see Bentinck, Hans Willem Bentinck, Hans WillemPortugal: expels Dutch traders from Recife, 323Post, Pieter, 157, 209, 211, 245Poulle, Magdalena, 246, 24950, 252Povey, Samuel, 145Prince Rupert's drops, 2003

Q.

Quellinus, Erasmus, 140

R.

Ravestijn, Anton van, 132Ravestijn, Maria van (wife of Adriaen Hanneman), 132Recife: garden, 2523Rembrandt van Rijn, 1268, 1378, 143; Judas Returning the Pieces of Silver Judas Returning the Pieces of Silver (painting), 127 (painting), 127Rensselaer, Jeremias van, 333Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, 3234, 328Rensselaerswijck (Fort Orange), 3235, 328Reynst, Anna, 140Reynst, Gerrit and Jan, 140Rhenen (castle), Netherlands, 88Rhijne, Willem ten, 3435, 344 344Rijswijk, 85, 140Robinson, Sir John, 286Rodrigues, Leonor (Duarte), 177Roe, Sir Thomas, 167Roemers Visscher, Anna, 149; engraved gla.s.ses, 1501 1501Rotterdam: art in, 1201Rowlett, Thomas, 218Royal African Company, 327Royal Exchange, London, 205Royal Society: Burnet elected a Fellow, 43; and Prince Rupert's drops, 202; Christiaan Huygens requests copy of Evelyn's Sylva Sylva from, 227; activities, 2645; founded, 273; timekeeping and longitude experiments, 2734, 27983, 288, 28990; and Robert Holmes, 286; reorganisation after William's arrival in England, 292; and Hooke's from, 227; activities, 2645; founded, 273; timekeeping and longitude experiments, 2734, 27983, 288, 28990; and Robert Holmes, 286; reorganisation after William's arrival in England, 292; and Hooke's Micrographia Micrographia, 2979; and Hooke's lens-making machine, 300; Hooke appointed Curator of Experiments, 301, 313; evacuated from London in plague (1665), 302, 305; elects Christiaan Huygens to overseas membership, 309, 316; Christiaan Huygens attends, 310, 313; receives and translates Busschoff's book, 343; examines Chinese medical practices, 3445; see also Philosophical Transactions see also Philosophical TransactionsRubens, Sir Pieter Paul: Amalia von Solms acquires painting, 83; Carleton's statues offered to, 1027; house, 1034, 195; family, 106 106; sells works in England, 1067, 131; Carleton buys paintings from, 1089; sells Carleton sculptures, 109; wife's death, 109; self-portrait, 111 111; replaces studio paintings for Carleton, 123; Sir Constantijn Huygens praises, 126; van Dyck works for, 130; influence, 193; Sir Constantijn Huygens negotiates with for Frederik Hendrik and Amalia, 207; Huygens sends engravings of The Hague house to, 208; Alexander Crowning Roxane Alexander Crowning Roxane (painting), 83, (painting), 83, 84 84, 110; Head of Medusa Head of Medusa (painting), (painting), 1245 1245, 126Rubenshuis, Antwerp, 1034, 104 104, 193, 195, 196 196, 1978, 200, 203, 207Rupert, Prince, Count Palatine of Rhine, 203, 285Russell, Nicasius, 132Russell, William, Lord, 43Ruysch, Frederik, 265Ruysch, Rachel: still-life of flowers, 251 251Rye House Plot (1683), 43

S.

Saenredam, Pieter, The Large Organ and Nave of the St Bavokerk, Haarlem, from the Choir The Large Organ and Nave of the St Bavokerk, Haarlem, from the Choir (painting), 140, 142, (painting), 140, 142, 143 143St Andreas, the Gambia, 327St James's Palace, London: gardens, 223, 224, 259; guarded by Dutch troops, 23St James's Park, London, 22, 245 245St Kitts, 261Salisbury cathedral, 50Sanderson, William, 136Saturn (planet), 31617Schama, Simon, 213Schurman, Anna Maria van, 149science: in United Provinces and England, 2646, 291; see also see also Royal Society Royal SocietySehested, Hannibal, 198Shannon, Elizabeth, Viscountess (nee Killigrew), 77, 16872 Killigrew), 77, 16872Shannon, Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount, 16972Siebrechts, Jan, 123Skelton, Bevil, 37slave trade: African, 327Sloane, Sir Hans, 315Solms, Princess Amalia von: marriage to Frederik Hendrik, 67, 68 68, 212; tours Netherlands with Princess Mary, 72; and proposed marriage of Charles II, 76; court life and culture, 825, 90, 110, 118; art interests and collection, 83, 129, 132; status, 118; Dieussart models statues for, 138; art collection dispersed on death, 147; supports Charles II in United Provinces, 162; and Duarte, 178; and Anne de la Barre, 1867; and Ballet de la Carmesse Ballet de la Carmesse, 190; and building works, 209; and garden design, 223Solms, Heinrich Maastricht, Count of, 201Solomon, Temple of: Leon's model, 356Somerset, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of, 312Somerset, Frances, Countess of, 101Somerset House, London, 11617Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, 1001, 129Sommelsdijck, Cornelis van Aerssen, Heer van, 271Sommelsdijck, Francois van Aerssen, Heer van, 679, 212, 228Sorgvliet, 50, 239, 241, 250, 256Southwell, Sir Robert, 315Soutman, Pieter, 90Spa, Netherlands, 1612, 175Spain: Charles I's relations with, 67, 69; defeats Elector Frederick, 867Sprat, Thomas, 81, 31920Stafford, Sir Thomas, 173Stanhope, Alexander, 145Stanhope, Katherine Wotton, Lady, 163States General (Dutch): sanctions and finances invasion of England, 5; Stadholder lacks authority in, 70; Maurits controls, 97; prohibits Princess Mary from offering sanctuary to brothers, 112, 175, 188; bans House of Orange from Stadholdership, 118Stent, Peter, 219Stone family, 206Stone, Henry, 206Stone, Nicholas, 2056Strasbourg: Louis XIV captures, 63Strickland, Sir Walter, 161Stuart family: and English succession, 545; marriage negotiations with House of Orange, 738; court, 82; art interests and collecting, 113, 125; portraits, 116; see also see also individual members individual membersStuyvesant, Peter (Petrus), 3245, 3301, 346Sua.s.so, Francisco Lopes see see Lopes Sua.s.so, Francisco Lopes Sua.s.so, FranciscoSurinam, 241Swammerdam, Jan, 2645Swann, Utricia, Lady (nee Ogle), 149, 1634, 166, 178, 197, 200, 217 Ogle), 149, 1634, 166, 178, 197, 200, 217Swann, Sir William, 163, 166Sweerts, Catherina, 152

T.

telescopes, 31618Temple, Sir William, 217, 2278, 3356, 341Terbrugghen, Hendrik, 126Tersch.e.l.ling island, 285Tessers, Hendrik, 123Thulden, Theodoor van, 90Thuret, Isaac, 266timekeeping see see clocks and watches clocks and watchest.i.tian: Pardo Venus Pardo Venus (painting), (painting), 114 114, 116; Venus with Organ Player Venus with Organ Player (painting), 116 (painting), 116Torbay: Dutch fleet arrives in, 10, 1213 1213, 15; William in, 28 28Torrington, Earl of see see Herbert, Admiral Arthur Herbert, Admiral ArthurTromp, Admiral Cornelis Maartenzoon, 162tulips, 257, 258 258, 25960

U.

United Provinces (Dutch Republic): prepares invasion of England, 45, 8, 367; trade war with France, 33, 3940, 42; French threat to, 37, 41, 623, 353; strategic reasons for invasion, 3741; financing of William's invasion, 52; Protestantism, 556; Henrietta Maria and Princess Mary in, 723; admired in England, 81; courtly life and culture, 82, 856, 88, 901; art and artists, 8990, 11314, 118, 12039, 142; relations with England, 112, 116, 159, 172, 2057, 264, 319, 34950, 3578; Stadholdership banned to House of Orange, 118; gifts to Charles II on Restoration, 13940, 142, 143 143, 1445; marriages with English partners, 15960; exchange of craftsmen and artists with England, 2056; gardens and garden design, 218, 2226, 225 225, 228, 2316, 234 234, 236 236, 239, 2412, 24450, 2523; land reclamation and drainage expertise, 2313, 2359; economic prosperity, 239; luxury goods and extravagance, 25960; campaign against France, 2634; scientific and medical enterprise, 2645; overseas compet.i.tion with England, 319, 3267, 32930, 3323, 340; colonial settlements, 320; national character, 320; financial and banking practices, 33841, 345, 347; proposes political union with England, 349; economic decline, 357; see also see also Anglo-Dutch wars; States-General; William III (of Orange), King Anglo-Dutch wars; States-General; William III (of Orange), KingUylenburgh, Gerrit van, 137, 140Uytenbroek, Moses van, 126

V.

Velde, Esaias van de, 126Vermeer, Jan, 144; Young Lady Playing the Clavecin Young Lady Playing the Clavecin, 121 121Vermuyden, Cornelius, 2378Vermuyden, Cornelius, jr, 237Versailles: garden, 242, 2456Visscher, Maria Tesselschade, 149Vrijburg Palace, Recife, 2536

W.

Waller, Richard, 2802, 31415Wallis, John, 289, 315Walter, Lucy, 77Webb, Colonel William, 114 114, 116Weede, Everard van see see Dijkvelt, Everard van Weede van Dijkvelt, Everard van Weede vanWelbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire, 210West Indies: African slaves in, 327Westersch.e.l.ling, 285Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 88White, John, 31White Mountain, battle of the (1620), 87, 229Whitehall: guarded by Dutch troops, 23Whitehall Palace: Banqueting Hall decoration and paintings, 135, 140Wicquefort, Joachim of (Joachim Factor), 180, 182Wildens, Jan, 126Wilhem, Constantia de (nee Huygens), 152, 154, 211 Huygens), 152, 154, 211Wilhem, David de, 211Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester, 273, 280, 282, 302, 305Willem Frederik, Stadholder see see Na.s.sau-Dietz, Willem Frederik van, Stadholder of Friesland Na.s.sau-Dietz, Willem Frederik van, Stadholder of FrieslandWilliam II, Prince of Orange: marriage, 67, 85, 111; court, 81, 856; death, 113, 119 119, 139, 1856, 191William III (of Orange), King of England, Scotland and Ireland: invasion of England (1688), 1, 23 23, 47, 1011, 26, 42, 47, 79, 292; strength of forces, 89; progress to and arrival in London, 1516, 1821, 445 445, 47; gardening interests, 21, 23, 478, 51, 241, 2489, 262; accepted as monarch, 26, 79, 349; propaganda campaign, 279, 31, 247; pictured, 28 28, 32 32, 133 133, 134; Declaration Declaration, 2935, 423, 46, 64; proposes war with France, 39; sightseeing detours on way to London, 4850, 262; presents Sua.s.so with painting of orange tree, 51 51, 52; busts, 60 60, 65 65; marriage to Mary, 62, 66, 6970, 71 71, 72, 163, 182, 239, 352; regime as Stadholder, 62, 263; and succession to English throne, 626, 7980, 247; and French threat, 63; art interests and collection, 118, 1478; Dieussart figures of, 138; and Dutch paintings in Royal Collection, 1445; asthma, 148, 248; education, 170, 204; command of English, 171; and Duarte, 178; gives wedding jewel to Mary, 1803, 182 182; birth, 191; at Hampton Court, 2489; on Blathwayt's dullness, 260; campaign against French, 263, 290; legitimacy to throne settled by Convention, 310; and Newton's academic position at Cambridge, 31112; attempts to recover money from Charles II, 3502; and Dutch economic decline, 357; see also see also United Provinces United ProvincesWilliam, Prince of Orange (the Silent), 33, 64, 205, 229; tomb and epitaph, 3545Wilson, Elizabeth (wife of Daniel Mitjens), 132Wilton House, near Salisbury, gardens, 4750, 48 48, 21822, 262Windsor Beauties: painted, 135Windsor Castle: Constantijn Huygens jr inspects art in, 18; pictured, 19 19Winthrop, John, jr, 31618, 330Witt, Cornelius and Johan de, 37, 62Witte, Emanuel de, 337Wolff, Pieter de, 250women: Sir Constantijn Huygens' regard for, 149; status in United Provinces, 1545; in Anglo-Dutch marriages, 15960; and science, 202Wotton, Sir Henry, 98, 250Wouw, Cornelia van, 134Wren, Sir Christopher: certifies Fox's expenditure, 17; in Royal Society, 273, 289; and Christiaan Huygens' horological innovations, 289; Auzout wishes to meet, 298; in Paris during Hooke-Auzout controversy, 3045; supports Stuarts, 308; on Chinese medicine, 344; letters from Sir Constantijn Huygens, 3535; and proposed inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire, 3534; and Leon's model of Temple of Solomon, 3567Wren, Matthew, Bishop of Ely, 70

Y.

York, Anne, d.u.c.h.ess of (nee Hyde), 54, 64, 66, 135, 191 Hyde), 54, 64, 66, 135, 191

Z.

Zuylestein, Frederick, Count van, 28

Author's Note: Names, Money and Dates You only have to try to buy a map of or a guidebook to the Netherlands to realise that the naming of territory in the Low Countries is fraught with difficulty. Strictly speaking, 'Holland' is only one of the seven provinces which have, since the end of the sixteenth century, made up the United Provinces or Dutch Republic. Most ordinary people, however, refer to that territory as 'Holland'. In this book, which is intended for a general rather than a narrowly academic readership, I have used 'Holland', 'Dutch Republic' and 'United Provinces' interchangeably, and I hope that my readers will accept an occasional looseness or even vagueness about the country thus designated. I consistently refer to the people of that territory as 'Dutch'. I have largely avoided calling the diverse and mingled community in Antwerp 'Flemish', because my protagonists there moved regularly between what today we know as Belgium and the northern Netherlands, which is the focus of my story. Academics will, I hope, forgive me for my occasional cartographic imprecision, in the interests of a clearly comprehensible story.Dutch and English currency conversion in the period: 9 sterling = one hundred Dutch guilders.

One pond Vlaams = six guilders; one guilder (fl) = twenty stuivers; one stuiver = twelve penningen

Two calendars were in use throughout the period this book covers. The Julian calendar was followed in England, and the revised Gregorian calendar was followed everywhere else in western Europe. The difference between them was ten days in the seventeenth century and eleven days in the eighteenth century (because England observed the year 1700 as a leap year, but the Continent of Europe did not). Thus 12 April in the Julian calendar (in England) would be 22 April in the Gregorian (in the Dutch Republic) before 1700, and 23 April after 1700.Throughout this book I have given dates in the form appropriate to the location, unless I state otherwise. Sometimes, where correspondence I follow crosses boundaries, the difference in dates becomes significant. In those cases I have specified in brackets following a date whether it is old style (Julian) or new (Gregorian).During the same period the civil year in England began on 25 March. In ordinary usage, however, the new year started on 1 January, as now. Thus the English civil date 14 February 1675 is 14 February 1676 according to our modern system of dating (some people in the period wrote such a date as 14 February 1675/6 for clarity). I have given all dates as if the new year began on 1 January.

By the same author