"I hoped" Ibid.

"No responsible British military authority" C & R, I, 515.

the small suite was filled Author tour of Hyde Park.

Coming down, Churchill found Daisy CC, 162.

"There seemed to be real friendship" Ibid.

Roosevelt asked Daisy a favor Ibid., 163.

Churchill used Harry Hopkins as a conduit Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 377.

his little study on the ground floor Author tour of Hyde Park. For the history of the room and its features, see Denker, Historic Furnishings Report: Springwood, Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt, I, 5455.

"The room was dark" Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 379.

Churchill had been briefed Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 386.

Roosevelt had learned Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York, 1986), 305, for description of Sachs; 313314 for briefing.

In Britain, Churchill had Ibid., 371372.

"What if the enemy" Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 380381.

drove up to Top Cottage CC, 163.

a warm Sunday with brief thundershowers The Washington Post, June 21, 1942.

At the White House Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 382.

it was his birthday Ismay, Memoirs, 254.

pink paper Danchev and Todman, eds., War Diaries: Alanbrooke, 269.

was brought in Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 382. See also Ismay, Memoirs, 255.

"Tobruk has surrendered" Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 382.

"Defeat is one thing" Ibid., 383.

"Not only" Ibid.

"one of the heaviest" Ibid.

"a bitter moment" Ibid.

"I did not attempt" Ibid.

The meaning was immediately apparent RAH, 591592.

Then Roosevelt spoke up Ismay, Memoirs, 255.

"What can we do to help?" Ibid.

"I remember vividly being impressed" Danchev and Todman, eds., War Diaries: Alanbrooke, 269.

"Roosevelt's heart warmed" Colville, Inner Circle, 122. Also see Alldritt, The Greatest of Friends, 94, and Jenkins, Churchill, 692693.

"Give us as many Sherman tanks" Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 383.

"Mr. President," Marshall replied Ibid.

"they arrived in time" Ismay, Memoirs, 255.

"It is interesting to consider" Ibid., 255256.

Eleanor was amazed TIR, 252.

"What matters is that" TSFS, 4041.

"Nothing could exceed" Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 383.

"A friend in need is a friend" Ibid.

"A man loves his friend" Churchill, Savrola, 33.

"Winston's buoyant temperament" TSFS, 4142.

Roosevelt rang Daisy that week CC, 167.

brush with a potential a.s.sa.s.sin Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 389390.

After the shooting in Miami EROH, Session 7, 4.

"this seemed to me to be" Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 390.

"Some people a.s.sume too readily" Ibid., 402.

"Good for you" C & R, I, 517.

Jane's Fighting Ships CC, 168.

"The Jews, supposed to have" Churchill, Great Contemporaries, 267.

In a speech to the Reichstag Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust (New York, 1985), 76.

At a secret conference in Wannsee Ibid., 280293; also see Richard Breitman, Official Secrets: What the n.a.z.is Planned, What the Americans and British Knew (New York, 1998), 8687.

On July 21, twenty thousand people The New York Times, July 22, 1942.

The debate over the Allied response Breitman, Official Secrets, is an excellent guide to this issue, and I am grateful to Professor Breitman for discussing the subject with me.

both men have been criticized since the war For the most prominent critique, see David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 19411945 (New York, 1998). For a useful short guide to the shifting historical opinion on the subject, see Robert H. Abzug, ed., America Views the Holocaust, 19331945: A Brief Doc.u.mentary History (New York, 1999), 207213.

Critics say As noted above, Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, is a clear articulation of this point of view.

defenders argue that the two men Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., "Did FDR Betray the Jews? Or Did He Do More Than Anyone Else to Save Them?" in FDR and the Holocaust, ed. Verne W. Newton (New York, 1996), 159161; Schlesinger, A Life in the 20th Century: Innocent Beginnings, 19171950 (New York, 2000), 306312; William J. vanden Heuvel, "America and the Holocaust," American Heritage, July/August 1999, 3452. Also see William D. Rubenstein, The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the n.a.z.is (New York, 1997), which argues just what its subt.i.tle says.

Churchill was researching his biography of Marlborough Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 8384; also see Ernst Hanstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years (New York, 1994), 184187.

a Harvard alumnus Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years, 27.

"Hitler produced a thousand excuses" Ibid., 185.

"Why is your chief so violent about the Jews?" Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 8384.

Hanfstaengl mounted a defense Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years, 185.

"Tell your boss from me" Ibid.

The next morning, Hitler Ibid., 187.

the "Jew Deal" Schlesinger, A Life in the 20th Century, 311.

when a sanitized translation of Mein Kampf Breitman, Official Secrets, 2425.

"could scarcely believe that such things" Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny, 314.

"Thank G.o.d for Roosevelt" Breitman, "Roosevelt and the Holocaust" in FDR and the Holocaust, ed. Newton, 117118.

Both countries allowed refugees in after Hitler's rise to power Richard Breitman and Alan M. Kraut, American Refugee Policy and American Jewry, 19331945 (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 9.

In May 1939, the ship St. Louis Ibid., 7073.

London, worried about Arab reaction Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, 157.

Immigration into Britain Bernard Wa.s.serstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 19391945 (New York, 1979), 81.

the bureaucracies in London and Washington See, for instance, Breitman, Official Secrets, 168172; 177187; 192202; 225233; Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, 311317; Richard Breitman, "The Failure to Provide a Safe Haven for European Jewry" in FDR and the Holocaust, ed. Newton, 129138; Beschloss, The Conquerors, 3842; 5155.

"In other days" Breitman, Official Secrets, 171.

An aide to Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Ibid., 200.

Morgenthau, believing that anti-Semites Beschloss, The Conquerors, 5657.

establish a War Refugee Board Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, 172.

The board managed to rescue thousands Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, 285.

earlier attention and action could have made a difference The historian Gerhard L. Weinberg has written eloquently on this point, noting: "Every single life counts, and every individual saved counts. There cannot be the slightest doubt that more efforts could have been made by an earlier establishment of the War Refugee Board and by any number of other steps and actions. The general picture in terms of overall statistics would not have been very different; but the record of the Allies would have been brighter, and each person saved could have lived out a decent life. The exertions of the Allies in World War II saved not only themselves but also the majority of the world's Jews. But the shadow of doubt whether enough was done will always remain, even if there really were not many things that could have been done." See Gerhard L. Weinberg, "The Allies and the Holocaust" in The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck (Bloomington, Ind., 1998), 490.

"a.s.suredly in the day of victory" Breitman, Official Secrets, 106.

"The mills of the G.o.ds" Ibid., 152.

"Their renditions were slightly different" Ibid.

the Allied Declaration The Times (London), December 18, 1942.

"The most tragic aspect" Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, 76, cites the first part of the editorial; see The New York Times, December 18, 1941, for the full quotation.

"I feel d.a.m.n depressed" RAH, 609612.

"U.S. ground forces" Ibid.

"In this, Roosevelt was thinking" Ibid.

almost certainly the right call For a useful summary of Churchill and the Second Front debates, see John Keegan, "Churchill's Strategy," in Churchill, eds. Blake and Louis, 327352. Also see Alex Danchev, On Specialness (New York, 1998), 2945. I am also grateful to Professor Danchev for talking with me about the subject.

arguing that an attack C & R, I, 520.

"I cannot help feeling" Ibid., 544.

"We have got always" Ibid., 545.

"Mr. Churchill remarked on the difficulty" Diary of Meeting, Charles Eade, November 19, 1941, CEP.

". . . I was sure it was" Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 475.

He made the case for North Africa Ibid., 481.

"After their last official meeting" Diary of Meeting, Charles Eade, September 30, 1942, CEP.

"The P. has heavy worries" CC, 171.

"The President is astonishingly well" Harry Hopkins to Beaverbrook, September 26, 1942, BBK C 175, LBP.

"The substance of Churchill's reply" Diary of Meeting, Charles Eade, September 11, 1942, CEP.

CHAPTER 7: YOU MAY KISS MY HAND.