"The prime minister took a long nap" TIR, 242243. Churchill had learned the virtues of the siesta on a trip to Cuba as a young soldier. "For every purpose of business or pleasure, mental or physical, we ought to break our days and our marches in two." (MEL, 81) "the Winston hours" CC, 199.

"I went to bed" Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate: The Second World War (Boston, 1950), 390. Churchill claimed one of the few nights he could not sleep was in 1938, when Anthony Eden resigned from Neville Chamberlain's cabinet in the march to war. See The Gathering Storm: The Second World War (Boston, 1948), 257258.

Churchill "made an effort" Author interview with Lady Soames.

"Winston was on his way" Robert Gathorne-Hardy, ed., Memoirs of Lady Ottoline Morrell (New York, 1964), 194195.

TR found the young man a bit much Elting E. Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, III, 116117.

"I have been over" Ibid., V, 408.

"I have refused to meet Winston Churchill" Ibid., VII, 87.

Arthur Schlesinger Jr. once asked Arthur Schlesinger Jr. letter to author, August 6, 2001.

"I'm willing to help them" Smith, ed., Hostage to Fortune, 411.

Churchill "found it easy" MEL, 362.

"Roosevelt was a wonderful finagler" Walter Lippmann, COH, 220.

"I was a child of the Victorian era" MEL, xxi.

"He has a very gloomy future" Sir Norman Angell, COH, 233.

Churchill referred to his bluer episodes Gilbert, In Search of Churchill, 210.

"He experienced a sensation of annoyance" Winston S. Churchill, Savrola (New York, 1956), 129. Joseph Lash, among other writers, has also noted the link between Savrola and his creator.

"When the notes of life" Ibid., 130.

Back in England, sitting with his researcher Maurice Ashley, Churchill As Historian (London, 1968), 8.

Perhaps because he intuitively understood Churchill indicated as much more than once. "If our country were defeated I hope we should find a champion as indomitable to restore our courage and lead us back to our place among the nations." See John Lukacs, The Duel: The Eighty-Day Struggle Between Churchill and Hitler (New Haven, Conn., 1990), 40.

"The story of the human race" Churchill, Marlborough, His Life and Times, ed. Commager, xxvii.

"Mr. Chamberlain" Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 9.

would bring Germany back "serene" Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries (Chicago, 1973), 261.

"If . . . we look only at the past" Ibid., 267.

At a Chartwell dinner in 1933 Kay Halle, Irrepressible Churchill (Cleveland, 1966), 7.

Churchill wrote an article about Roosevelt Churchill, Great Contemporaries, 371382.

Beginning in 1938 TIR, 182.

"Convinced that bad things" Ibid., 183.

As the train left Hyde Park Ibid., 198.

CHAPTER 2: THOSE b.l.o.o.d.y YANKEES.

After a tough summer Newsweek, July 31, 1939.

who liked the relaxing rhythms of life at sea "Down to the Sea with the 'Skipper,' " The New York Times Magazine, August 13, 1939.

After an equally tough summer See, for instance, Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 617618.

In a broadcast over NBC The New York Times, August 9, 1939.

took off for his fishing trip Ibid., August 13, 1939; Time, August 28, 1939.

Foggy weather The New York Times, August 21, 1939.

Poland was in the crosshairs Burns, The Lion and the Fox, 393.

spent a holiday near Dreux CCTBOM, 369.

arrived in England on August 23 Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 619.

the same day Roosevelt The New York Times, August 24, 1939.

Churchill called for Clementine Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, The Second World War (Boston, 1948), 401.

crossed the Channel Ibid.

"Yes . . . it was called" William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 19321972 (Boston, 1974), 31.

sending him a signed copy of the first volume C & R, I, 23. Kimball also noted that Scribner's, Churchill's publisher, attempted to interest Roosevelt in reviewing Churchill's history of the First World War, The World Crisis, but failed, and that Churchill tried unsuccessfully to meet with Roosevelt in October 1929. (Ibid.) the duke of Windsor wrote him Montague Browne, Long Sunset, 225.

answering questions at a meeting WSC, V, Comp. Pt. 2, 726.

"The quarrel in which" Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step (New York, 1939), 166.

Chamberlain believed Churchill Joseph P. Kennedy to FDR, July 20, 1939, FDR Papers, Diplomatic Correspondence, FDRL.

spent time with Clementine Agnes E. Meyer Diary, February 13, 1932, MP.

When Churchill died, Evelyn Waugh Mark Amory, ed., The Letters of Evelyn Waugh (New Haven, Conn., 1980), 630.

For those who think the Churchill of legend See, for instance, Christopher Hitchens, "The Medals of His Defeats," Atlantic Monthly, April 2002, 118137. The most serious revisionist view of Churchill can be found in the work of the British historian John Charmley. Particularly in Churchill: The End of Glory, A Political Biography (London, 1993) and in Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship, 19401957 (New York, 1995), Charmley argues that Churchill's determination to fight Germany and to cultivate America cost Britain and her empire a more influential role in the world. By coming to an agreement with Hitler, Charmley's case implies, Britain would have been a powerful player on the global stage rather than watch as Roosevelt's America and Stalin's Soviet Union rose to dominance first in the alliance and then in the postwar world. Charmley's books are interesting and challenging, but to accept his argument means one must accept the idea of a German-dominated Continent as a fact of life-which, given what Hitler wrought in the few years he did dominate much of the Continent, is a deeply offensive proposition.

the new issue of Henry Luce's Time Time, September 4, 1939.

churches were unusually full TFOP, 19.

the first air-raid warning W. H. Thompson, I Was Churchill's Shadow (London, 1951), 1819.

The appointment alarmed the Germans Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York, 1970), 165.

he heard ancient drumbeats Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 410.

"It is easy for you and for me" Russell D. Buhite and David W. Levy, eds., FDR's Fireside Chats (Norman, Okla., 1992), 149.

"When the President found out I was so anti-Hitler" Author interview with Trude Lash.

"Franklin always said" EROH, Session 14, 4.

Charles Eade left a snapshot Diary of Meeting, Charles Eade, September 1939, CEP.

The president understood that it was Churchill Roosevelt seems not to have had much trust in Chamberlain's leadership; the prime minister had spurned Roosevelt's diplomatic overtures in the late 1930s for a world conference to see if war could be averted. Churchill invested Chamberlain's failure to take Roosevelt up on the proposal with sweeping importance, writing that "we must regard its rejection-for such it was-as the loss of the last frail chance to save the world from tyranny otherwise than by war." (The Gathering Storm, 254255) For a counterview, see Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory, 332333. In writing Churchill, Roosevelt, it seems likely, was looking for any promising channel he could find to a.s.sess and monitor the situation. Roosevelt also regularly corresponded with Chamberlain in Chamberlain's remaining months as prime minister.

Joseph Kennedy, who held the darkest of views Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 22.

Answering for Roosevelt Ibid., 23.

a clear Monday The New York Times, September 12, 1939.

between suspending limitations on sugar marketing FDR: Day by Day-The Pare-Lorentz Chronology, FDRL.

"My dear Churchill" CWP, I, 76.

"responded with alacrity" Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 441.

Their first telephone conversation Lord Fraser, "Churchill and the Navy," in Servant of Crown and Commonwealth, ed. Marchant, 8081.

The Germans had sent word C & R, I, 25; WSC, VI, 5455. Also see The New York Times, October 6, 1939, for details about the Iroquois, which carried 566 pa.s.sengers-"virtually all Americans"-and a crew of 210. A similar drama had unfolded with the British liner Athenia on September 3, which a German U-boat sank off Ireland, killing 28 Americans. Berlin blamed the British, particularly Churchill.

On the last day of October Beaverbrook to FDR, October 31, 1939, BBK C/227, LBP.

"I think I ought to send something more" David Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 193741: A Study in Compet.i.tive Co-operation (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981), 87.

As Roosevelt had breakfast in bed Smith, ed., Hostage to Fortune, 411.

"supposed Churchill was the best man" Diary of Harold L. Ickes, May 12, 1940, Ickes Papers. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: Volume III, The Lowering Clouds, 19391941, 176, has the same scene, but the published version eliminates Roosevelt's qualifier "even if he was drunk half of his time," which is in the original cited here.

As Churchill went to bed Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 667.

"blood, toil, tears and sweat" WSC, VI, 333.

In early March 1940 Ickes, The Secret Diary, III, 146147.

"Bill is not at all sure" Ibid., 147.

Welles had seen Churchill up close Benjamin Welles, Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist (New York, 1997), 253.

"was so uncertain" Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 80.

"what kind of a fellow" Frances Perkins, COH, 20.

On Wednesday, May 15, 1940, Churchill, calling himself "Former Naval Person" C & R, I, 37.

"Although I have changed my office" CWP, II, 4546.

"I have just received your message" Ibid., 6970.

"I do not need to tell you" Ibid., 71.

"what went on inside FDR's head" Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 53.

On the evening of May 14 J.R.M. Butler, Lord Lothian (Philip Kerr), 18821940 (New York, 1960), 283284. Also see CWP, II, 3334, for Jock Colville's version of the rather madcap scene at Admiralty House that night.

"Why, the Government will move" Butler, Lord Lothian, 284.

In a subsequent talk with Lord Lothian Ibid.

the president and Henry Morgenthau scrounged up David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt's America and the Origins of the Second World War (Chicago, 2001), 79.

In a Gallup poll The Washington Post, October 22, 1939; see also William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation (New York, 1952), 288.

in November the president signed Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, 6667.

aid to the Allies might come at a steep cost Langer and Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation, 568569.

Germany, which had outspent America Eliot A. Cohen, "Churchill and Coalition Strategy in World War II," in Grand Strategies in War and Peace, ed. Paul Kennedy (New Haven, Conn., 1991), 51. Cohen's numbers are "Volume of Combat Munitions Production of the Major Belligerents in Terms of Annual Expenditure ($ Million 1944 U.S. Munitions Prices)."

"How the British people" Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Their Finest Hour (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), ix.

Churchill's son, Randolph CWP, II, 70.

"It was the only thing he would wear to sleep in" Author interview with Winston S. Churchill.

"Sit down, dear boy" WSC, VI, 358.

Sumner Welles told Henry Morgenthau Henry A. Wallace, COH, August 26, 1943, 2671.

"the fine true thing" A. P. Herbert, "The Master of Words," in Servant of Crown and Commonwealth, ed. Marchant, 101.

"Those Greeks and Romans" Bonham Carter in Servant of Crown and Commonwealth, ed. Marchant, 153.