_03:: Trojan Wars of the 19th Century A number of mechanical methods of birth control were created and used in the 1800s, but they were only affordable for the wealthier Victorian women. Of course, they weren't exactly effective. The first generation of v.a.g.i.n.al diaphragms and cervical caps were developed but the quality of the rubber was poorthat is, until the invention of latex in 1884. However, in keeping with the Victorian ethos, a law, known as the Comstock Law, defining condoms as obscene went quietly into effect in 1873. That didn't keep prophylactic science from making advances, though. Toward the end of the 19th century, the forerunners of IUDs (intrauterine devices), intracervical stems, or pessaries, became available. However, the devices were unpopular from the start, as they often led to infections. Oddly enough, the courts wised up to the fact that diaphragms and condoms were effective for disease prevention, and made them legal as medical treatment. However, they still weren't so fond of the idea of birth control, and the courts maintained that using the products as contraceptives should remain illegal.

_04:: Protection au Naturel While not everyone could afford the premier forms of birth control, it didn't stop less affluent Victorians from jerry-rigging their own homemade remedies. In fact, one of the most commonly used "natural methods" of birth control was the injection of fruit juices or naturally produced chemicals into the v.a.g.i.n.a, known today as "douches," shortly after intercourse. Of course, that wasn't the only recipe. A variety of mixtures were used, including baking soda, alum, vinegar, and quinine. Other birth-controlling techniques involved using small, natural sea sponges dipped in acidic or naturally spermicidal mixtures with a ribbon or string attached. And there were cheap solutions for the men, too! Condoms made of sheepskin, also known as "French letters," were particularly popular, and a notorious favorite with men who frequented brothels. After all, the rubbers didn't just aid in birth control, but also kept the syphilis at bay. In fact, it's this sordid use for birth control that gave condoms such a bad reputation and made them taboo in the eyes of the general public.

From Wags to Riches:

4 Royal Mistresses Who Made Good

It's no surprise that a lot of kings have kept a lot of ladies-in-waiting. Of course, not all of these gal pals were content just to wait. In fact, the following mistresses quickly found their way from the bedroom to the boardroom, making sure they were involved in more than just one of the king's affairs.

_01:: Diane de Poitiers (14901566) Considered one of the most powerful women of the 16th century, Diane de Poitiers was the mistress to French king Henri II. And what a mistress! Although married to Queen Catherine, Henri basically let Diane run France by his side. In fact, she got all sorts of executive perks, from signing official doc.u.ments to appointing ministers and handing out t.i.tles, to even dabbling in estates and pensions. And as a member of the Privy Council, Diane even routinely gathered money for the royal treasury. But for those skeptical few who want proof of her power in writing, just inspect any one of the numerous official doc.u.ments the good king and his gal pal literally cosigned: they actually read "HenriDiane!" Of course, this dubious union did not exist without protest. When church officials questioned Diane's role, she simply had them sent to Rome. When Henri pa.s.sed away, he was calling out Diane's name. However, Queen Catherine (pretty understandably) prevented Henri's mistress from attending the funeral and, in fact, demanded that she return any crown jewels. Strangely, though, Diane was not arrested for treason as expectedmainly because she was popular with the French people for helping Henri rule so well.

_02:: Nell Gwynne (16511687) During the reign of Charles II of England, mistresses weren't exactly few and far between. In fact, less-than-chaste women were almost as plentiful around the palace as were catfights between them, and Charles was basically an equal opportunity cad. In fact, his favorite mistress was a prost.i.tute from London's slum known as Kindhearted Nell. Renowned for using her influence with the king to help others, Nell also harbored a wicked sense of humor. For instance, when she heard that Charles planned to bed another mistress, Nell offered the gal a bunch of sweets. Little did the lady know Nell had laced the goodies with a laxative and an evening of bedding quickly turned into an evening of chamber-potting. But while Charles frolicked with Nell he let another mistress, Louise de Keroualle, run the country, and there was no love between the two. During a period of anti-Catholic sentiment, Nell's coach was surrounded by a mob thinking it contained the Catholic Louise. The quick-thinking Nell exclaimed, "Pray, good people, be civil, I am the Protestant wh.o.r.e." Amused, the crowd laughingly let her move on.

Touch of Evil Camilla Parker-Bowles's family has been trying to get into the royal pants for decades. Her great-grandmother was reportedly the mistress to King Edward IV, Chuck's great-great-grandfather.

_03:: Madame de Pompadour (17211764) Probably the most powerful of all royal mistresses, as King Louis XV's lady on the side, Madame de Pompadour served as the unofficial French prime minister for 13 years. It worked out well for both parties. Louis, being a ridiculously lazy king, wasn't all that fond of making decisions, while Pompadour reveled in the power. All messages to the king and all requests for an audience had to go through her. Not just that, the Madame also controlled all t.i.tles, court positions, and honors and quickly began replacing high-level officials with her supporters. She even took over as France's minister of war during the Seven Years' War (17561763), and cleverly chose to appoint all the generals more on their social standing than their experience. Pompadour died of a lung disease in her early 40s, but for all her power-tripping she remained faithful to Louis till the end. In fact, court etiquette wouldn't allow Louis to attend Pompadour's funeral, but the casket was made to pa.s.s by his castle. Upon viewing the cortege, Louis reportedly cried, saying that tears were the only thing he could give her.

_04:: Mary, Countess von Waldersee (18661941) Unlike most royal mistresses, Mary played the role of the matronly adviser. The daughter of a wealthy New York grocer, Mary was married to Colonel Alfred von Waldersee, the quartermaster general of the German army. As such, Mary opened a salon in Berlin and soon found herself entertaining German royalty, including young Prince William. Enamored of the old gal (she was, after all, two years senior to his mother), William decided to make her his private adviser. In 1888, William became Kaiser Wilhelm II, and he started referring all political matters to Mary before making decisions. However, the power went to Mary's head, and she attempted to get Wilhelm to replace Chancellor Bismarck with her husband. Wilhelm did remove Bismarck, but not for Alfred. Instead, Wilhelm began to view Mary as his biggest compet.i.tion and to get rid of her he demoted her hubby and moved them both to Hamburg. Without mother Mary's sage advice, though, Wilhelm was lost, and his weak, egocentric decisions helped bring about World War I.

When s.e.x Doesn't Sell:

5 Risque Ad Campaigns That Got Canned

There are two cardinal rules in advertising: "s.e.x sells" and "There's no such thing as bad publicity." Here are a few advertising missteps that proved one or both of them wrong.

_01:: Abercrombie and Flesh It may sound odd for a clothing manufacturer to use nudity to sell clothes, but that's exactly the strategy campus mainstay Abercrombie & Fitch employed in their catalog/photo magazine A&F Quarterly. Over a series of years, the models somehow got younger and younger and began wearing fewer and fewer clothes. In fact, nudity wasn't uncommon, and consumers complained of suggestions of pedophilia, s.e.xual irresponsibility, underage drinking, and h.o.m.oeroticism. But the Winter 2003 edition was the one that went too far. The catalog featured over 100 pages of photos of young men and women frolicking naked in streams and waterfalls (in a winter catalog?), and one spread espoused the joys of group s.e.x in both photos and text. The outcry from angry parents was so loud that sales for November 2003 dropped over 13%, and the company discontinued the A&F Quarterly altogether soon thereafter. Despite the hubbub, though, A&F has been a little slow to learn from their mistakes. Since then, they've been criticized for marketing T-shirts with ethnically insensitive slogans and for marketing thong underwear bearing phrases like "Kiss me" and "Eye candy" to teen girls.

_02:: Calvin and Kiddies Designer Calvin Klein has always used s.e.x to sell his clothes, and it's usually worked. After all, who can forget the slinky Brooke Shields proudly proclaiming "Nothing comes between me and my Calvins"? But in 1995, CK creeped out just about everyone with its ads for jeans and underwear. The commercials featured teenagers wearing almost nothing, standing in what appeared to be a poorly lit bas.e.m.e.nt in front of cheap wood paneling. What's more disconcerting than cheap paneling? Well, maybe the fact that the models are being interviewed with eerie questions, like "That's a nice body. Do you work out?" Or "Why don't you open that vest up?" Although the resulting controversy did increase sales, it also prompted an investigation by the FBI to see if the ads qualified as child p.o.r.nography. In fact, the campaign is still referred to in the industry as the "kiddie p.o.r.n" campaign.

_03:: PETA's s.e.x Kittens (Literally) It seems logical: What better use for s.e.xual imagery than to promote...having your pets fixed? People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, long known for their publicity stunts, tried it in 2001. The ad by industry giant Saatchi & Saatchi depicted animatronic cats "doing it" in all sorts of positions while their owner is away, while the copy reminded us that over 2.4 million unwanted kittens are born every year. It's actually very funny and effective, and PETA even tried to run it as a paid ad, not as a free public service ad. But MTV rejected it, saying they do not allow the depiction of "fornication" on their networks. Umm, excuse me? Apparently MTV's (s)executives have never actually watched MTV. And the aforementioned fornication wasn't even being done by real cats. They were puppets.

_04:: Candie's Bathroom Humor Lots of companies use models to sell their shoes. But only Candie's used models going to the bathroom. A controversial series of ads from the late 1990s showed Playboy model Jenny McCarthy wearing a pair of Candie's shoes while sitting on a toilet, panties around her calves, reading a newspaper. So, just how racy was the spread? Both Vogue and Cosmopolitan pulled the ads from their pages. Another series featured child-star-turned-s.e.x-symbol Alyssa Milano in a bra and panties, rifling through a lover's medicine cabinet full of condoms. But she's stopped by an unexpected find: a bottle of Candie's perfume. Another has Alyssa about to be mounted by a naked man in the back of a limo. The ads weren't just suggestive, they were downright obvious. In fact, the ads were considered so risque that they were banned in several countries, and the TV versions were even rejected by the WB, the network that carried Alyssa's. .h.i.t show Charmed.

_05:: Miscellaneous: The DisGraceful Awards At the height of the late 1990s dot-com boom, Silicon Valley professional Sylvia Paull founded GraceNet, a San Franciscobased networking group for the ever-growing number of women in high-tech fields. Every month GraceNet hands out the DisGraceful Awards for ads that crossed the line into s.e.xism or offensiveness. And back during the boom, with all that ad money flying around, they had plenty to choose from. DisGraceful "winners" include an IBM Lotus ad showing a man using Lotus to learn "discounted cash flow techniques with 40 other a.n.a.lysts," while a woman uses it to finish her crossword by finding "a five-letter word for 'bellyb.u.t.ton'"; and an ad for Hong Kongbased games maker Lik-Sang International, featuring a young girl licking her lips over the line "We don't have young j.a.panese girls on sale right now, but we do ship more than 300 products directly from Hong Kong!"

Dear Dowry:

6 Crazy Historical Trades for Brides

Before the whole "old, new, borrowed, and blue" wedding tradition hoo-ha, there was another must-do part of any nuptials: the dowry. And through the years, lots of things have been given or received to sweeten the blessed deal. Here are a few things that have changed hands in exchange for (or in addition to) brides.

_01:: Foreskins: David and Michal If you know where to look, you can find all kinds of crazy stuff in the good book. So grab your King James Version and flip to chapter 18 of the first book of Samuel for the story of David (yes, that David, with the stone and the sling and the Psalms) and Michal. After David smote the heck out of Philistine bada.s.s Goliath, he went to live with King Saul of Israel. Saul, afraid of David and troubled by evil spirits, began to plot his murder. When Saul's daughter Michal revealed her love for David, Saul made her a deal: Have David bring back 100 Philistine foreskins, and he can marry you. Now Saul had no particular affinity for foreskins; he just wanted David to get killed trying. But Dave and his posse, with G.o.d's help, brought back 200 for the good king. Saul couldn't help but bless his daughter's marriage to such a go-getter.

_02:: Heads: The Dayak of Indonesia Journey to the Indonesian island of Borneo and you'll find an indigenous tribe of people called the Dayak. But try not to overstay your welcome, as the Dayak were historically headhunters and cannibals. In fact, their economy seems to have been predominantly skull based. If, for example, someone wanted to marry a chief's daughter, the suitor would have to impress the chief by presenting him with three or four enemy skulls. This modern tribe had given up their headhunting waysthat is, until recently, when settlers from the overpopulated Indonesian island of Madura were caught encroaching on the Dayak's traditional land. The late-1990s ethnic struggle proved that old habits die hard. Thankfully, though, things seem to have simmered down since, as the Dayak have figured out better ways to get a head.

_03:: Political Prisoners: Ramses and the Hitt.i.tes In the 13th century BCE, there were two superpowers in the Middle East: the Egyptians and the Hitt.i.tes. And, as rival superpowers are wont to do, they hated each other. The main bone of their contention? The city of Kadesh, which served as a strategic linchpin located in modern-day Syria. After decades of fighting, King Hattusili III ascended to the Hitt.i.te throne, and he saw the wisdom of bargaining with the great Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II. So, he proposed a treaty. Ramses agreed to marry Maat-Hor-Neferu-Re (or Manefrure), Hattusili's eldest daughter, and in exchange he got an alliance with the Hitt.i.tes, control of Kadesh, and the release of all political prisoners. Not a bad deal. But what did the blushing bride get out of it? Well, the lucky gal got only what every princess dreams of...to be the primary consort in a harem of more than 200 wives and concubines.

Touch of Evil It was suggested that Henry VIII marry Anne of Cleves to help form a bond between England and Germany. After viewing a flattering portrait of Anne he agreed, but upon first meeting her he made it clear that he was disappointed by her looks, saying she resembled "a horse."

_04:: 100 Knights and a Table: Guinevere The story of King Arthur has been told by many, and one of the best-known versions is Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. In his version, the famous Round Table was given by Uther Pendragon, its original owner, to a fella named Leodegrance, who happened to have a daughter by the name of Guinevere. When Guinevere was married off to a certain King Arthur, she brought to the marriage a most unusual dowry: the Round Table and, just for good measure, 100 knights to sit around it. But this was one serious table: it could seat 150. So magician Merlin threw in the rest of the knights to fill it. One hopes the happy couple registered for 150 place settings at Ye Olde Crate & Barrel.

_05:: England: "The Dowry of Mary"

Of all England's nicknamesJolly Olde, Blighty, etc.perhaps one of the most obscure is "the Dowry of Mary." At first blush, this may seem to refer to some medieval queen who married a king and got England as a wedding present. But it actually refers to the Virgin Mary. The story is linked to England's pious King Edward the Confessor, who, upon dedicating Westminster Abbey in 1055, allegedly offered England to the Virgin Mary as her "dowry" with the words "Dos tua Virgo pia, haec est, quare rege, Maria" (Thy Dowry this, O Virgin sweet, then rule it, Mary, as is meet). Legend has it that, a few years later, Mary responded to this piety by appearing to Lady Richeldis de Faverches in the tiny village of Walsingham, asking her to build a replica of the House of the Anunciation. This house became a major pilgrimage destination until it was destroyed unceremoniously during the Reformation.

_06:: India and Tea: Catherine of Braganza In 1661, Catherine of Braganza, the daughter of Portugal's King John IV, was married off to King Charles II of England. The marriage was meant to cement an alliance between the two countries, and in exchange for taking Catherine's hand, Charles (and therefore England) received Tangier and Bombay. And while the natural deepwater harbor at Bombay became the headquarters of the British East India Company and a perfect foothold for England's growing colonial ambitions, the cities themselves might not have been Portugal's most treasured gifts in the exchange. Aside from the land (and a bride), Charles was also gifted a chest of tea from the far-flung Portuguese colonies. The present quickly turned him into an enthusiastic "tea" totaler, and drinking the steamy beverage soon became all the rage throughout England.

Eight Is Not Enough:

6 Historical Dudes with Lots of

Illegitimate Children

Some men produce many works of art. Or great symphonies. Or inventions that change the world. Other men just produce lots and lots of babies. Here are six examples of men whose sperm counts were obviously as healthy as their s.e.xual appet.i.tes. Luckily for these prolific gents, Father's Day hadn't been invented yet.

_01:: Louis XV (17101774) When you're made king of France at the age of five, you tend to grow accustomed to having your way. And Louis XV had his way whenever he could, eventually fathering dozens of illegitimate children. Two of his mistresses, Madame de Pompadour and ex-prost.i.tute Madame du Barry, became famous in their own right as the Monica Lewinskis of their day. He also carried on with five sisters of a prominent family and kept several young concubines at a house used expressly for the purpose called the Deer Park. By the time of his death, he had a new nickname: Louis the Well Hated. Aside from all the b.a.s.t.a.r.d children, Louis' selfish lifestyle planted another seed: the French Revolution, which would commence just 15 years after his death.

_02:: Ramses II (ruled 13041237 BCE) Of all the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, Ramses II is one of the biggies. When he wasn't commissioning statues of himself, or (as legend goes) forcing enslaved Israelites to build temples, or battling the hated Hitt.i.tes, he was making babies. Estimates of his brood go as high as 96 sons and 60 daughters. Now, to be fair, many of these were born to the pharaoh's many wives, so they weren't all technically illegitimate. But, since he had a harem of around 200 wives and concubines, it's hard to keep track. So hard, in fact, that three of his wivesBit Anoth, Maryamum, and Nebettawywere also his daughters. And one waswait for ithis sister. All together now: Eeeeuuuw!

_03:: Henry IV (15531610) The French are world-renowned for romance, so it would make sense that they would revere a king whose many love affairs inspired the nickname le Vert Galant ("the Gay Old Spark"). Henry IV was one of France's greatest kings; he re-created Paris as a center of the arts, expanded France's presence in the New World, and soothed the b.l.o.o.d.y conflicts between France's Catholics and Huguenot Protestants. But he was quite the ladies' man as well. He fathered six children by his second wife, but only after he'd had three by a mistress named Gabrielle d'Estree, the true love of his life. He also had five children by his three other princ.i.p.al mistresses. Henry is said to have had as many as 50 lovers over the course of his life, several of whom were his baby-mamas. Unlike many, though, he avoided the accompanying baby-mama drama by providing for his b.a.s.t.a.r.d offspring, making sure they were all given lands and t.i.tles and were well cared for.

_04:: King Augustus II (16701733) How many Polish kings does it take to father an estimated 365 illegitimate children? Answer: one, and that one is Frederick Augustus of Saxony, better known as Augustus II ("the Strong"), king of Poland. Famous as a man of immense physical strength, unquenchable l.u.s.t, and, apparently, considerable stamina, old Augustus wasn't called "the Strong" for nothin'. The first of his 300-plus love children was Hermann Maurice, comte de Saxe, a military genius who himself had several illegitimate children. The great female French novelist George Sand is descended from both these men. However, with that many children between them, we probably all are.

Scandalicious POPE AND DAUGHTER CAUGHT GROPING AT SAME ORGY!.

Not many women can claim the pope as her baby's daddy, but Vanozza dei Cattanei could. The mistress of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, she bore him four children before he became Pope Alexander VI in 1492. The most famous were Cesare and Lucrezia. Cesare was a ruthless general and politician, known for poisoning his enemies and conquering the cities of Romagna one by one in a three-year campaign (he also served as the model for Machiavelli's The Prince). His sister Lucrezia was married off to one n.o.ble after another as a p.a.w.n in her father's system of alliances. A little too fond of wealth, power, and luxurious decadence, Alexander VI was also accustomed to treating himself well by throwing notorious parties at the Vatican. The most infamous of his galas was the Ballet of the Chestnuts on October 30, 1501. Naked, painted men and women allegedly greeted guests as "living statues," and beautiful prost.i.tutes danced nude, after which the party progressed into an orgy. Lucrezia's attendance reinforced rumors of incest. The pope supposedly l.u.s.ted after his daughter as his sons Cesare and Juan fought over her as well. Some even claim Cesare murdered his brother Juan out of jealousy.

_05:: Genghis Khan (ca. 11621227) n.o.body knows how many illegitimate children the great Mongol conqueror actually had. But modern genetic science has proven that he must have had an awful lot, a result of the Mongols' ample raping and harem collecting among their many conquered peoples. By tracing the lineage of modern populations of the former Mongol Empire (stretching from China to the Caucasus) through a.n.a.lysis of the Y chromosome, scientists have determined that roughly 16 million men, or about 0.05% of the earth's male population, are descended from Genghis Khan or his brothers. Genghis's eldest son, Tushi, alone had 40 sons. In fact, by the year 1260, less than 40 years after Genghis's death, a Persian historian estimated that he already had 20,000 descendants. Now that's what you call a conquest!

_06:: Alexandre Dumas (18021870) One of France's greatest literary figures, Alexandre Dumas brought the world adventures like The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo, The Man in the Iron Mask, and many others. Turns out he was prolific at more than just writing. Dumas lived as colorful and adventurous a life as any of his characters, taking numerous mistresses and frittering away great gobs of money. He was purported to have fathered dozens of illegitimate children, but he acknowledged only three (by different women). Oddly enough, the one he named after himself went on to renown of his own. So to distinguish him from his son, Alexandre senior is known to the French as Dumas pere (Dumas the Father). Well deserved, don't you think?

Touch of Evil England's king John battled his father, his brothers, and the pope, and was forced to sign the Magna Carta. He still had time, however, to connect with several mistresses and father illegitimate children, including Bartholomew, Eudes, Geoffrey, Joan, John, Maud, Oliver, Osbert, and Richard.

He Never Wants to Cuddle:

5 Famous People Who Died in the Act

It's not really surprising that people die from overexertion when they're having s.e.x. What might shock you is who.

_01:: The Pope Actually, that's "popes," plural. Apparently papal infallibility only gets you so far. First we have Pope Leo VII (d. 939 CE), who died of a heart attack during the act. Then there's Pope John XII (d. 964 CE), who was reportedly bludgeoned to death, naked in bed, by the jealous husband of his s.e.x partner. And who could forget Pope John XIII (d. 972 CE), who remarkably enough departed this earthly existence in exactly the same way as John XII. Then, of course, there's good ol' Pope Paul II (d. 1471 CE), who for variety's sake had a heart attack while being sodomized by a page boy.

_02:: The Duke of Orleans (16741723) In 1723, after serving as prince regent and temporary ruler of France for eight years, Philippe II, the duke of Orleans and nephew of Louis XIV, "the Sun King," yielded the throne to Louis XV, who had finally come of age. And not a moment too soonon December 23, 1723 ( just two days before Christmas), Philippe had a stroke after a particularly strenuous night with his mistress, who was 30 years his junior. His only notable accomplishment had been allowing the ma.s.s-printing of paper money, which, by the way, bankrupted France.

Touch of Evil According to a medical study published by the University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Germany: "Over a period of 21 years (19721992), roughly 21,000 forensic autopsies revealed 39 cases (0.19%) of natural deaths occurring during s.e.xual activity.... In most cases sudden death occurred during the s.e.xual act with a prost.i.tute."

_03:: Felix Faure (18411899) Having served as president of France from 1895, Felix Faure seems to have experienced the "little death" and the "big death" simultaneously in 1899 while receiving oral s.e.x from his mistress at the Elysee Palace. The woman's terrified screams alerted the president's aides, who broke down the door and found her still kneeling in front of the sofa where the president's corpse was seated, holding her head in his lap with the strength of a death grip. The aides freed the woman, made the president's corpse decent, and laid it out on a bed piously holding a crucifix. Typically, having caught wind of the truth, French newspapers were having none of this. They dutifully ran drawings of this Christian scene, but with the mocking caption "Death of Faure (Official Version)."

_04:: Lord Palmerston (17841865) After a series of accomplishments that won the admiration of the whole worldincluding helping Belgium achieve independence, supporting the seizure of the French throne by Napoleon III, establishing friendly relations with France, winning the Crimean War, and criticizing the sale of opium in Chinawhat would be the most dignified way for an English elder statesman to end his long life of public service? How about a heart attack as he diddles a parlor maid on a pool table in 1865? Nuff said.

_05:: Nelson Rockefeller (19081979) Grandson of oil tyc.o.o.n John D. Rockefeller, former governor of New York and vice president of the United States, Nelson Rockefeller left this world doing what he loved bestengaging in lively intercourse with America's free press. Seventy-one years of age, Rockefeller died while having s.e.x with his mistress, a "thirty-one-year-old former news reporter who was working as his research a.s.sistant," according to the New York Times. The Times treated the sticky subject of just how Rockefeller died rather delicately, saying only that he died as he lived, "with an enthusiasm for life in all its public and private pa.s.sions." Ahem.

Can I Get Flies with That?

World's 8 Strangest Aphrodisiacs