[632] Ratzel, I, 477, 481.

[633] _Durch Afrika_, 162.

[634] Nachtigal, _Sahara und Sudan_, II, 110.

[635] _Ibid._, 104.

[636] _Ibid._, I, 315.

[637] Ratzel, III, 91.

[638] _Ibid._, 7.

[639] Rohlfs, _Petermann's Mittlgn, Erg. heft_, XXV, 23.

[640] Cantacuzene, _Hist._, IV, 20.

[641] JAI, XXI, 380.

[642] Livingstone, _Travels in South Africa_, I, 204.

[643] _Smithson. Rep._, 1886, Part I, 207.

[644] Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha_, 242.

[645] Ratzel, III, 143.

[646] _Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci._ 1892, 634.

[647] JAI, XII, 266.

[648] Ratzel, I, 404; III, 145 ff.

[649] JAI, XXII, 103; Junker, _Afrika_, II, 462, 477.

[650] _Globus_, LXXXIII, 314.

[651] Klose, _Togo_, 383.

[652] _Globus_, LXXXI, 334.

[653] Ellis, _Ewe-speaking Peoples_, 221.

[654] _Ibid._, 218, 220.

[655] Nachtigal, _Sahara und Sudan_, I, 684 ff.

[656] Paulitschke, _Ethnog. Nordost-Afr._, I, 260; II, 139.

[657] JAI, XXII, 101.

[658] _Mit Emin Pascha_, 186.

[659] _Cen. Afr._, 111.

[660] Ratzel, I, 449.

[661] _Ibid._, 57.

[662] _Pinkerton's Voy._, XVI, 885.

[663] Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, 285.

[664] _Ibid._, 290.

[665] Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, 294.

[666] Pommerol, _Une Femme chez les Sahariennes_, 194; cf.

Junker, _Afrika_, III, 477.

[667] _Ibid._, 201.

[668] Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, II, 215.

[669] Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, 497; _West Afr. Stud._, 479.

[670] Serpa Pinto, _Como Eu Atravassei Afr._, I, 116.

[671] _In's Land der Maschukalumbe_, I, 536.

[672] _Ztsft. f. Ethnol._, VI, 472.

[673] Fritsch, _Eingeb. Sud-Afr._, 364.

[674] _Smithson. Rep._, 1891, 524. Cf. Hostmann, _De Beschaving van Negers in Amer._, I, Chap. IV.

[675] _Smithson. Rep._, 1891, 525.

[676] _Ibid._, 520.

[677] _Ibid._, 532.

[678] _Bur. Ethnol._, XIV, 35.

[679] _Smithson. Rep._, 1891, 528.

[680] _Ibid._, 1887, Part II, 331.

[681] _U. S. Nat. Mus._, 1888, 252 ff.