44. AA to JA, 3 March 1799, AA to JA, 3 March 1799, UFC UFC.

45. AA to JQA, 15 November 1998; AA to JA, 25 January 1799, AA to JQA, 15 November 1998; AA to JA, 25 January 1799, UFC UFC.

46. The correspondence with his cabinet during the Quincy seclusion is in The correspondence with his cabinet during the Quincy seclusion is in Works Works 8:62669. 8:62669.

47. JA to Benjamin Stoddert, 21 September 1799, JA to Benjamin Stoddert, 21 September 1799, Works Works 9:3234. 9:3234.

48. JA to AA, 5 January 1799, JA to AA, 5 January 1799, UFC UFC.

49. JA to WSS, 22 May 1799, JA to WSS, 22 May 1799, Works Works 8:652. 8:652.

50. AA to JA, 14 February 1799, AA to JA, 14 February 1799, UFC UFC, for the first explicit mention of Charles's condition, prompted by the loss of John Quincy's money.

51. JA to JQA, 28 February 1800, JA to JQA, 28 February 1800, UFC UFC.

52. AA to WSS, 6 September 1799, AA to WSS, 6 September 1799, UFC UFC.

53. JA to AA, 12 October 1799, JA to AA, 12 October 1799, UFC UFC.

54. Works Works 9:25455, for John's recollection in 1809; JA to AA, 30 October 1799, 9:25455, for John's recollection in 1809; JA to AA, 30 October 1799, UFC UFC.

55. Works Works 9:15455; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 30 December 1799, 9:15455; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 30 December 1799, UFC UFC.

56. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 24 April 1800, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 24 April 1800, UFC UFC.

57. Marshall quoted in Elkins and McKitrick, Marshall quoted in Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism The Age of Federalism, 728; Alexander Hamilton to Charles Carroll, 1 July 1800, UFC UFC.

58. James T. Callender, James T. Callender, The Prospect Before Us The Prospect Before Us (Philadelphia, 1800), 1214, 4748, 67; TJ to James Monroe, 26 May 1800, quoted in Ellis, (Philadelphia, 1800), 1214, 4748, 67; TJ to James Monroe, 26 May 1800, quoted in Ellis, American Sphinx American Sphinx, 219.

59. AA to JQA, 1 September 1800, AA to JQA, 1 September 1800, UFC UFC.

60. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 24 April 1800, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 24 April 1800, UFC UFC.

61. Chernow, Chernow, Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton, 61214, provides the fullest treatment of McHenry's hyperbolic account of the incident. Hamilton was especially upset at the firings because he believed that McHenry and Pickering worked for him.

62. JA to AA, 13 June 1800, JA to AA, 13 June 1800, UFC UFC.

63. AA to JA, 22 May 1800, AA to JA, 22 May 1800, UFC UFC.

64. Alexander Hamilton to JA, 1 August 1800, Alexander Hamilton to JA, 1 August 1800, HP HP 25:51. 25:51.

65. HP HP 25:18788, 190, 2089. 25:18788, 190, 2089.

66. JA to Uzal Ogden, 3 December 1800, JA to Uzal Ogden, 3 December 1800, HP HP 25:183; AA to TBA, 12 October 1800, 25:183; AA to TBA, 12 October 1800, UFC UFC.

67. JA to AA, 2 November 1800, JA to AA, 2 November 1800, UFC UFC; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 21 November 1800, UFC UFC.

68. AA to AA(2), 21 and 28 November 1800, AA to AA(2), 21 and 28 November 1800, UFC UFC.

69. AA to TBA, 13 December 1800, AA to TBA, 13 December 1800, UFC UFC; JA to TBA, 11 December 1800, UFC UFC.

70. JA to TBA, 18 December 1800, JA to TBA, 18 December 1800, UFC UFC.

71. AA to Sarah Smith Adams, 8 December 1800, AA to Sarah Smith Adams, 8 December 1800, UFC UFC.

72. AA to TBA, 3 January 1801, AA to TBA, 3 January 1801, UFC UFC; JA to TBA, 25 January 1801, UFC UFC; JA to Cotton Tufts, 26 December 1800, UFC UFC.

73. AA to TBA, 3 January 1801, AA to TBA, 3 January 1801, UFC UFC; A Conversation Between Abigail Adams and Thomas Jefferson [January 1801], UFC UFC.

74. AA to TBA, 3 February 1801, AA to TBA, 3 February 1801, UFC UFC; JA to AA, 16 February 1801, UFC UFC.

75. Aurora Aurora, 11 March 1801.

76. Was.h.i.+ngton Federalist Was.h.i.+ngton Federalist, 21 January 1801.

CHAPTER SEVEN. 18018.

1. JQA to AA, 14 April 1801, JQA to AA, 14 April 1801, UFC UFC.2. JA to William Tudor, 20 January 1801, JA to William Tudor, 20 January 1801, AP AP, reel 123; JA to William Dexter, 23 March 1801, Works Works 10:58081. 10:58081.3. AA to TBA, 23 April 1801, AA to TBA, 23 April 1801, UFC UFC; AA to WSS, 3 May 1801, UFC UFC.4. JA to TBA, 12 July and 15 September 1801, JA to TBA, 12 July and 15 September 1801, UFC UFC.5. See Nagel, See Nagel, Descent from Glory Descent from Glory, 56135, for the complicated domestic situation at Quincy. In my judgment, Nagel's work on the Quincy years is simultaneously invaluable and unreliable, in the latter case because he seems to have a vendetta against Abigail, and because he provides no doc.u.mentation for his judgments.6. AA to TBA, 26 April and 8 May 1803, AA to TBA, 26 April and 8 May 1803, UFC UFC; a splendid summary of the legal transactions is in McCullough, Adams Adams, 576.7. AA to TBA, 12 July 1801, AA to TBA, 12 July 1801, UFC UFC.8. AA to TBA, 12 June 1801, AA to TBA, 12 June 1801, UFC UFC.9. AA to TBA, 12 June and 5 July 1801, AA to TBA, 12 June and 5 July 1801, UFC UFC; JA to Thomas McKean, 21 June 1812, Works Works 10:16. 10:16.

10. AA to JQA, 22 March 1816, AA to JQA, 22 March 1816, AP AP, reel 430.

11. AA to TBA, 27 December 1801, AA to TBA, 27 December 1801, UFC UFC.

12. LCA, LCA, The Adventures of a n.o.body, AP The Adventures of a n.o.body, AP, reel 269.

13. JA to Benjamin Rush, 17 August 1813, in Alexander Biddle, ed., JA to Benjamin Rush, 17 August 1813, in Alexander Biddle, ed., Old Family Letters Old Family Letters (Philadelphia, 1892), 420. (Philadelphia, 1892), 420.

14. JQA to JA, 19 November 1804, JQA to JA, 19 November 1804, UFC UFC; JA to JQA, 6 December 1804, UFC UFC.

15. DA DA 2:253. 2:253.

16. DA DA i:xliv-xlvi. i:xliv-xlvi.

17. DA DA 3:43536. 3:43536.

18. AA to Mercy Otis Warren, 16 January 1803, AA to Mercy Otis Warren, 16 January 1803, UFC UFC.

19. Mercy Otis Warren, Mercy Otis Warren, History of the American Revolution History of the American Revolution, 3 vols. (Boston, 1805), 3:39495.

20. JA to Mercy Otis Warren, 11 July, 27 July, and 3 August 1807, in Charles Francis Adams, ed., "Correspondence Between John Adams and Mercy Otis Warren," reprinted in JA to Mercy Otis Warren, 11 July, 27 July, and 3 August 1807, in Charles Francis Adams, ed., "Correspondence Between John Adams and Mercy Otis Warren," reprinted in Collections of the Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society Collections of the Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society 4 (1878), 354, 358, 411; Mercy Otis Warren to JA, 15 August 1807, ibid., 42223, 449. 4 (1878), 354, 358, 411; Mercy Otis Warren to JA, 15 August 1807, ibid., 42223, 449.

21. JA to Mercy Otis Warren, 27 July 1807, ibid., 354. JA to Mercy Otis Warren, 27 July 1807, ibid., 354.

22. JA to William Cunningham, 27 February 1809, [Anonymous], in JA to William Cunningham, 27 February 1809, [Anonymous], in Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams...and the Late William Cunningham, Esq Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams...and the Late William Cunningham, Esq. (Boston, 1823), 93; Works Works 10:310; JA to Nicholas Boylston, 3 November 1819, 10:310; JA to Nicholas Boylston, 3 November 1819, AP AP, reel 124.

23. The standard biography of Rush is David F. Hawke, The standard biography of Rush is David F. Hawke, Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Gadfly Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Gadfly (New York, 1971). The Adams-Rush correspondence is available in John A. Schutz and Douglas Adair, eds., (New York, 1971). The Adams-Rush correspondence is available in John A. Schutz and Douglas Adair, eds., The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush (San Marino, Calif., 1966). (San Marino, Calif., 1966).

24. JA to Benjamin Rush, 29 November 1812, in Schutz and Adair, JA to Benjamin Rush, 29 November 1812, in Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame Spur of Fame, 25455.

25. JA to Benjamin Rush, 22 December 1806, ibid., 7273. JA to Benjamin Rush, 22 December 1806, ibid., 7273.

26. Benjamin Rush to JA, 4 June 1812, ibid., 233; JA to Benjamin Rush, 13 October 1810, ibid., 170; JA to Benjamin Rush, 26 March 1806, ibid., 52. Benjamin Rush to JA, 4 June 1812, ibid., 233; JA to Benjamin Rush, 13 October 1810, ibid., 170; JA to Benjamin Rush, 26 March 1806, ibid., 52.

27. JA to Benjamin Rush, 14 May 1812, 8 January 1812, ibid., 21617, 204. JA to Benjamin Rush, 14 May 1812, 8 January 1812, ibid., 21617, 204.

28. JA to Benjamin Rush, 11 November 1807, 31 August 1809, ibid., 9799, 152. JA to Benjamin Rush, 11 November 1807, 31 August 1809, ibid., 9799, 152.

29. JA to Richard Rush, 2 May 1814, JA to Richard Rush, 2 May 1814, AP AP, reel 95.

30. JA to Benjamin Rush, 23 July 1806, in Schutz and Adair, JA to Benjamin Rush, 23 July 1806, in Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame Spur of Fame, 61.

31. AA to TJ, 20 May 1804, AA to TJ, 20 May 1804, AJ AJ 1:26869. 1:26869.

32. TJ to AA, 14 June 1804, TJ to AA, 14 June 1804, AJ AJ 1:27071. 1:27071.

33. AA to TJ, 1 July 1804, AA to TJ, 1 July 1804, AJ AJ 1:27174. 1:27174.

34. TJ to AA, 22 July 1804, TJ to AA, 22 July 1804, AJ AJ 1:274 1:274_76, 27980.

35. AA to TJ, 25 October 1804, AA to TJ, 25 October 1804, AJ AJ 1:28082. The marginal note by John is printed at the end of this letter. 1:28082. The marginal note by John is printed at the end of this letter.

36. AA to LCA, 8 December 1804, AA to LCA, 8 December 1804, UFC UFC.

37. LCA to AA, 11 May 1806, LCA to AA, 11 May 1806, UFC UFC.

38. AA to JQA and LCA, 29 November 1805, AA to JQA and LCA, 29 November 1805, UFC UFC.

39. JA to JQA, 27 August 1815, JA to JQA, 27 August 1815, AP AP, reel 122.

40. AA to AA(2), 23 May 1809, AA to AA(2), 23 May 1809, UFC UFC.

41. AA to Caroline Amelia Smith, 2 February 1809, AA to Caroline Amelia Smith, 2 February 1809, UFC UFC; Benjamin Rush to JA, 20 September 1811, AP AP, reel 412.

42. AA to JQA, 17 November 1811, AA to JQA, 17 November 1811, AP AP, reel 412.

43. AA to JQA, 17 November 1811, AA to JQA, 17 November 1811, AP AP, reel 116.

44. AA to JQA, 13 September, 24 September, and 22 October 1813, AA to JQA, 13 September, 24 September, and 22 October 1813, AP AP, reel 116.

45. JA to Shelton Jones, 11 March 1809, JA to Shelton Jones, 11 March 1809, AP AP, reel 118; JA to Francis Vanderkemp, 5 July 1814, AP AP, reel 116; JA to Benjamin Rush, 15 January 1813, AP AP, reel 116.

46. JA to John Adams Smith, 15 October 1811, JA to John Adams Smith, 15 October 1811, UFC UFC.

47. JA to Benjamin Waterhouse, 16 August 1812, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., JA to Benjamin Waterhouse, 16 August 1812, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams and Benjamin Waterhouse, 17841822 Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams and Benjamin Waterhouse, 17841822 (Boston, 1927), 81; JA to Josiah Quincy, 9 February 1811, (Boston, 1927), 81; JA to Josiah Quincy, 9 February 1811, Works Works 9:630. 9:630.

48. JA to Francis Vanderkemp, 27 December 1816, JA to Francis Vanderkemp, 27 December 1816, Works Works 10:235. 10:235.

49. JA to Benjamin Rush, 25 December 1811, in Schutz and Adair, JA to Benjamin Rush, 25 December 1811, in Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame Spur of Fame, 200202; Benjamin Rush to JA, 17 February 1812, ibid., 211; Benjamin Rush to JA, 16 October 1809, ibid., 15657.

50. Donald Stewart and George Clark, "Misanthrope or Humanitarian: John Adams in Retirement," Donald Stewart and George Clark, "Misanthrope or Humanitarian: John Adams in Retirement," NEQ NEQ 28 (1955), 232. 28 (1955), 232.

51. Josiah Quincy, Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past Figures of the Past (Boston, 1883), 7980. It should be noted that this discussion of the Adams-Jefferson correspondence makes no pretense of being a comprehensive account. If this were a biography of John and not a book about the partners.h.i.+p between Abigail and John, the treatment of the Adams-Jefferson letters would be considerably expanded. See, for example, my (Boston, 1883), 7980. It should be noted that this discussion of the Adams-Jefferson correspondence makes no pretense of being a comprehensive account. If this were a biography of John and not a book about the partners.h.i.+p between Abigail and John, the treatment of the Adams-Jefferson letters would be considerably expanded. See, for example, my Founding Brothers Founding Brothers, 20648; American Sphinx American Sphinx, 23551; and Pa.s.sionate Sage Pa.s.sionate Sage, 11342, for fuller treatments.

52. JA to TJ, 15 July 1813, JA to TJ, 15 July 1813, AJ AJ 2:358, where the quote is from Abigail's appended note. 2:358, where the quote is from Abigail's appended note.

53. TJ to JA, 21 January 1812, and JA to TJ, 3 February 1812, TJ to JA, 21 January 1812, and JA to TJ, 3 February 1812, AJ AJ 2:291, 298. 2:291, 298.

54. JA to TJ, 15 July 1813, JA to TJ, 15 July 1813, AJ AJ 2:358. 2:358.

55. TJ to JA, 5 July 1814, and JA to TJ, 16 July 1814, TJ to JA, 5 July 1814, and JA to TJ, 16 July 1814, AJ AJ 2:430, 435. 2:430, 435.

56. JA to TJ, 1 May 1812, and TJ to JA, 27 May 1813, JA to TJ, 1 May 1812, and TJ to JA, 27 May 1813, AJ AJ 2:301, 324. 2:301, 324.

57. TJ to JA, 11 January 1816, TJ to JA, 11 January 1816, AJ AJ 2:45861. 2:45861.

58. JA to TJ, 3 February 1816, JA to TJ, 3 February 1816, AJ AJ 2:45861. 2:45861.

59. The key letters are: TJ to JA, 27 June 1813; JA to TJ, 15 July 1813; and JA to TJ, 14 August 1813, The key letters are: TJ to JA, 27 June 1813; JA to TJ, 15 July 1813; and JA to TJ, 14 August 1813, AJ AJ 2:33536, 358, 365. 2:33536, 358, 365.

60. TJ to JA, 28 October 1813, and JA to TJ, 16 July 1814, TJ to JA, 28 October 1813, and JA to TJ, 16 July 1814, AJ AJ 2:38792, 43738. The subject ignited all of John's long-suppressed convictions about human inequality and the intractable power of elites in all societies. Virtually all his letters during the summer and fall of 1813, twenty in total, deal with this fundamental disagreement between the two patriarchs. 2:38792, 43738. The subject ignited all of John's long-suppressed convictions about human inequality and the intractable power of elites in all societies. Virtually all his letters during the summer and fall of 1813, twenty in total, deal with this fundamental disagreement between the two patriarchs.

61. AA to Elizabeth Smith Shaw Peabody, 10 February 1814, 29 December 1811, AA to Elizabeth Smith Shaw Peabody, 10 February 1814, 29 December 1811, UFC UFC.

62. While these glimpses into the day-to-day interactions of Abigail and John are partly conjecture on my part, they are based on the few shreds of testimony from visitors and offhand observations in the couple's correspondence with each other. While these glimpses into the day-to-day interactions of Abigail and John are partly conjecture on my part, they are based on the few shreds of testimony from visitors and offhand observations in the couple's correspondence with each other.

63. AA to Elizabeth Smith Shaw Peabody, 18 July 1809, AA to Elizabeth Smith Shaw Peabody, 18 July 1809, UFC UFC.

64. The best biography of John Quincy is Lynn Hudson Parsons, The best biography of John Quincy is Lynn Hudson Parsons, John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams (Lanham, Md., 1998). The quotation is the t.i.tle for (Lanham, Md., 1998). The quotation is the t.i.tle for chapter 4 chapter 4, which covers his diplomatic career in St. Petersburg.

65. JA to JQA, 13 November 1816, and 26 November 1816, JA to JQA, 13 November 1816, and 26 November 1816, AP AP, reel 123.

66. JA to JQA, 10 August 1817, JA to JQA, 10 August 1817, UFC UFC; AA to Harriet Welsh, 18 August 1817, AP AP, reel 438; McCullough., John Adams McCullough., John Adams, 62021.

67. Will of Abigail Adams, 18 January 1816, Will of Abigail Adams, 18 January 1816, AP AP, reel 429. You could develop an interpretation of Abigail's independence on the basis of this final statement, and Woody Holton has done so in his recent biography, Abigail Adams Abigail Adams (New York, 2009), which strikes me as superb. (New York, 2009), which strikes me as superb.

68. JA to JQA, 6 July 1816, JA to JQA, 6 July 1816, UFC UFC.

69. JA to TJ, 20 October 1818, JA to TJ, 20 October 1818, AJ AJ 2:529; John's remark is reported in Harriet Welsh to Louisa C. A. de Windt, November 1818, 2:529; John's remark is reported in Harriet Welsh to Louisa C. A. de Windt, November 1818, AP AP, reel 445.

70. See Nagel, See Nagel, Descent from Glory Descent from Glory, 13033, for an excellent account of the death scene and the quotation from Louisa Catherine; JA to Francis Vanderkemp, 25 September 1819, AP AP, reel 124; JA to JQA, 10 November 1818, UFC UFC.

EPILOGUE. 181826 1. JA to Caroline de Windt, 15 March 1820, JA to Caroline de Windt, 15 March 1820, AP AP, reel 124.2. JA to LCA, 8 May 1820, JA to LCA, 8 May 1820, AP AP, reel 124; JA to LCA, 29 January 1820, AP AP, reel 124.3. LCA to JA, 16 April 1819, LCA to JA, 16 April 1819, AP AP, reel 124.4. LCA, LCA, The Adventures of a n.o.body, AP The Adventures of a n.o.body, AP, reel 269.5. JA to Peter de Windt, 15 March 1820, JA to Peter de Windt, 15 March 1820, AP AP, reel 124; JA to Elihu Marshall, 7 March 1820, Works Works 10:38889. 10:38889.6. JA to LCA, 21 October 1820, JA to LCA, 21 October 1820, AP AP, reel 450.7. JA to TJ, JA to TJ, AJ AJ 2:57172. 2:57172.8. TJ to JA, TJ to JA, AJ AJ 2:600601. 2:600601.9. JA to TJ, JA to TJ, AJ AJ 2:6012. 2:6012.10. TJ to JA, TJ to JA, AJ AJ 2:61314. 2:61314.11. JA to CFA, 3 December 1825, JA to CFA, 3 December 1825, AP AP, reel 473.12. Josiah Quincy, Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past Figures of the Past (Boston, 1883), 61; Richard McLanathan, (Boston, 1883), 61; Richard McLanathan, Gilbert Stuart Gilbert Stuart (New York, 1986), 187; JA to Charles Carroll, 12 July 1820, (New York, 1986), 187; JA to Charles Carroll, 12 July 1820, AP AP, reel 123.13. Quincy, Quincy, Figures of the Past Figures of the Past, 6465.14. Ibid., 8082. Ibid., 8082.15. JA to LCA, 22 December 1818, JA to LCA, 22 December 1818, AP AP, reel 123.16. JA to JQA, 24 December 1818, JA to JQA, 24 December 1818, AP AP, reel 123; JA to Benjamin Rush, 27 December 1812, in Alexander Biddle, ed., Old Family Letters Old Family Letters (Philadelphia, 1892) 432. (Philadelphia, 1892) 432.17. JA to JQA, 24 December 1818, JA to JQA, 24 December 1818, AP AP, reel 123.18. JA to Alexander Johnson, 4 January 1823, JA to Alexander Johnson, 4 January 1823, AP AP, reel 124.19. JA to JQA, 24 May 1815, JA to JQA, 24 May 1815, AP AP, reel 122.20. JA to TJ, 17 April 1826, JA to TJ, 17 April 1826, AJ AJ 2:614. 2:614.21. JA to TJ, 25 February 1825, JA to TJ, 25 February 1825, AJ AJ 2:610. 2:610.22. "The Diary of George Whitney," "The Diary of George Whitney," AP AP, reel 475.23. John Marston to JQA, 8 July 1826, John Marston to JQA, 8 July 1826, AP AP, reel 476.24. There has been some suspicion that the reference to Jefferson was fabricated long after the fact, because it seems so melodramatic. But the written account of two witnesses soon after John's death confirms the remark. See Susan Boylston Adams Clark to Abigail Louise Smith Adams Johnson, 9 July 1826, A. B. Johnson Papers, Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society, Boston. There has been some suspicion that the reference to Jefferson was fabricated long after the fact, because it seems so melodramatic. But the written account of two witnesses soon after John's death confirms the remark. See Susan Boylston Adams Clark to Abigail Louise Smith Adams Johnson, 9 July 1826, A. B. Johnson Papers, Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society, Boston.