In 1866 he was appointed, with Gens. Sherman, Harney, Terry, and Senator Henderson, a special peace commissioner to the Indians, and for eighteen months served upon that board. This commission visited and made treaties with the Camanche, Cheyenne, Arrapahoe, Apache, Navajo, Shoshone, Northern Cheyenne, Northern Arrapahoe, and Crow tribes; and with the Ogalalla, Brule, Minneconjon, Sausauche, Black Feet, Umkapapa, Santee, and Yankton bands of the Sioux nation. They settled upon and recommended to Congress a fixed policy to be pursued toward the Indians, which, while followed, resulted in comparative safety to the frontier, and greater economy in the service. Since these services the general has devoted himself entirely to his profession, and with more than ordinary success.

JOHN R. IRVINE was born in Dansville, Livingston county, New York, Nov. 3, 1812, and was brought up there till seventeen years of age.

His education when a boy was obtained at the common schools, and was quite limited. From seventeen to twenty years of age he lived in Carlisle and other places in Pennsylvania, during which he learned the trade of plastering, and was married in Carlisle in 1831, to Miss Nancy Galbreath. Soon after his marriage he returned to Dansville. The following spring he went to Buffalo, New York; in the spring of 1837 emigrated to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and in the spring of 1840 removed to Prairie du Chien.

While in Prairie du Chien Mr. Irvine kept a grocery. During that time he made two trips to St. Paul--the last one with a team loaded with provisions, on the ice the most of the way--and on the third of August, 1843, arrived in St. Paul with his family. On his arrival he bought of Joseph Rondeau a claim of 240 acres of land, afterward converted into Rice & Irvine's addition, Irvine's enlargement and Irvine's addition to the city of St. Paul, including most of the present city from St. Peter street to Leech's addition, for about $300. Mr. Irvine entered it in 1848. The east 80 acres of a quarter included in this claim Mr. Irvine sold to Henry M. Rice in 1848, and in the winter they laid off Rice & Irvine's addition, and commenced selling lots and making improvements on the property.

Since living in St. Paul Mr. Irvine has been engaged in farming, milling, storekeeping, working at his trade, and managing his estate.

He was one of the earliest settlers of St. Paul, whose life amidst its many changes has been contemporaneous with its history from the very beginning. Mr. Irvine has had eight children, seven of whom, namely, six daughters and one son, are living. Mr. Irvine died in 1878.

HORACE RANSOM BIGELOW was born in Watervliet, New York, March 13, 1820. His father, Otis Bigelow, was a Revolutionary patriot and soldier. He received a good education at the schools of Sangerfield and the gymnasium at Utica. He spent part of his early life in farming and teaching. Later he studied law and was admitted to practice in 1847, in Utica, where he entered into partnership with E. S. Brayton until 1853, when he removed to St. Paul, Minnesota, in company with Charles E. Flandrau. He has since devoted himself almost exclusively to his law practice, which includes almost every branch except criminal law. In June, 1862, he was married to Cornelia Sherrill, of Hartford, New York. They have four children.

CUSHMAN K. DAVIS.--In the quaint little Quaker village of Henderson, New York, in a small house built partly of logs, and mossy and venerable with age, on June 16, 1838, Cushman Kellogg Davis, late governor and present senator from Minnesota, was born. His father, Horatio N. Davis, removed to Wisconsin in August or September of the same year, and settled on the present site of Waukesha. His father was quite prominent; had served during the Civil War, and retired from the service with the brevet rank of major; had held various munic.i.p.al offices, and had been a member of the Wisconsin senate. Cushman, his oldest son, received as good an education as the times afforded, at the common schools, at Carroll College, a Waukesha inst.i.tution, and at Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he graduated in 1857. He read law with Gov.

Randall, was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practiced at Waukesha until 1862, when he enlisted in the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Infantry, going in as first lieutenant of Company B, but was adjutant general under Gen. Gorman most of the time. At the end of two years, with broken health, he resigned his commission and settled in St. Paul in partnership with Gen. Gorman. In 1867 he was elected a representative in the state legislature, and served one term. He was United States district attorney from 1868 until 1873, when he was elected governor.

He served two years, and was the youngest man who has been elected to that office. After leaving the governor's chair he resumed his law practice until the senatorial election of 1887, when he was chosen to succeed Senator McMillan in the United States Senate.

Senator Davis has devoted some time to general literature. His lecture on "Feudalism" was delivered in 1870, and this lecture probably secured him the nomination for governor in 1873. He has also lectured on "Hamlet" and "Madam Roland," and in 1884 delivered a lecture before the Army of the Tennessee and in 1886 a lecture to the graduating cla.s.s at Michigan University. He also published a book ent.i.tled "The Law in Shakespeare," which attracted considerable attention. He was married to Miss Anna M. Agnew, of St. Paul, in 1880.

S. J. R. MCMILLAN was born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, in 1826.

He spent part of his early days in Pittsburgh; received a collegiate education; studied law; was admitted to practice in 1849, and came to Stillwater in 1852, where he established a law office. In 1858 he was elected judge of the First district and served until 1864, when he was appointed to the supreme bench. He was elected to the position in the fall of the same year and served until 1875, when he was elected to the United States senate. He was re-elected in 1881, and was succeeded in 1887 by Cushman K. Davis. He removed to St. Paul in 1865.

Senator McMillan has had an honorable career and is greatly respected as an upright, conscientious, active and thoroughly practical man. He was married at Pittsburgh in 1852, to Harriet E. Butler. They have three sons and three daughters.

WILLIS ARNOLD GORMAN, second territorial governor of Minnesota, was born in Fleming county, Kentucky, Jan. 12, 1816. He received a good literary education, and his parents having moved to Bloomington, Indiana, he graduated at the law school connected with the State University at that place. He commenced practice at Bloomington and was quite popular as a lawyer, but even more so as a party leader, and was elected to the legislature six times in succession. At the breaking out of the Mexican War, in 1846, he enlisted as a private in the Third Indiana Volunteers, but was appointed major. He won the reputation of a gallant, dashing officer, and was promoted to be colonel of the Fourth Indiana, which he helped recruit. He served till the close of the war. On his return to Indiana, in 1848, he was elected to Congress, and re-elected in 1850. In May, 1853, he was appointed by President Pierce governor of Minnesota Territory. In 1857, at the close of his term of office as governor, he was elected a member of the const.i.tutional convention, and was also an unsuccessful candidate for the United States senatorship. In the spring of 1861, at the breaking out of the Civil War, he was appointed colonel of the First Minnesota Infantry. For bravery at the first battle of Bull Run he was commissioned brigadier general. He was mustered out in 1864. Returning to Minnesota he formed a law partnership with Cushman K. Davis. In 1869 he was elected city attorney and held that office till his death, which occurred at St. Paul, May 20, 1876. He was twice married, first to Miss Martha Stone, of Bloomington, Indiana, in 1836. She died in March, 1864, leaving five children. In April, 1865, he was married to Miss Emily Newington, of St. Paul.

JOHN D. LUDDEN was born in Ma.s.sachusetts, April 5, 1819; was educated at Williston Seminary, and came West to the lead mines of Wisconsin in 1842. In 1845 he came to St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, remained at this point and at Taylor's Falls until 1849, when he made his residence at Marine Mills, Minnesota. In 1857 he changed his residence to Stillwater, and in 1861 became a citizen of St. Paul, where he still resides. He was a member of the second, third and fourth territorial legislatures. From 1854 to the present time he has been engaged chiefly in lumbering. He is a man of pleasing address, of good business talent and thoroughly reliable.

ELIAS F. DRAKE is a native of Ohio, in which state he lived until 1861, when he came to St. Paul. His boyhood days were spent on a farm; later he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and still later studied law under the instruction of Justice Swayne of the United States supreme court, and was admitted to practice in all the courts of Ohio and in the United States court. After a short and successful term of practice, he became cashier of the State Bank of Ohio, and in that capacity spent ten years of his life. During that time he served three terms in the legislature, being speaker one session, during which the late Gov. Swift was clerk of the house.

In politics Mr. Drake was a Whig, and afterward a Republican. During his residence in Ohio he was active in promoting the improvements of the country, successfully building several leading turnpike roads and a few railroads.

In 1861 he came to Minnesota, and, put in operation the first railroad in the State, a road between St. Paul and St. Anthony Falls.

In 1863 he was president of the Winona & St. Peter railroad during the construction of the first ten miles. Soon after, he, with some a.s.sociates, took hold of the Minnesota Valley railroad, and completed it to Sioux City, Iowa, in 1872. He is president and land commissioner of this company. Mr. Drake represented Ramsey county in the state senate in 1874-75.

NORMAN W. KITTSON was born at Sorel, Lower Canada, March 5, 1814. In May, 1830, he engaged as an employe of the American Fur Company, and in that capacity came to the Northwest. From the summer of 1830 to that of 1832 he occupied the trading post between the Fox river and the Wisconsin. The following year he operated on the headwaters of the Minnesota, after which he spent a year on Red Cedar river, in Iowa. In 1834 he came to Fort Snelling, where he was sutler's clerk till 1838.

The winter of 1838-39 he spent with his friends in Canada. On his return in the spring he began business on his own account in the fur trade, at Cold Springs in the vicinity of Fort Snelling, which he continued till 1843, when he entered the American Fur Company as special partner, having charge of all the business on the headwaters of the Minnesota, and along the line of the British possessions, and operating in that field till 1854. During that summer he entered into partnership with Maj. Wm. H. Forbes, in the general Indian trade, at St. Paul, and went there to reside in the fall of that year. The partnership continued till 1858, and Mr. Kittson continued his northern business till 1860, when he closed out. In 1863 he accepted the position of agent for the Hudson Bay Company at St. Paul, and went into the steamboat and transportation business on the Red River of the North. From 1851 to 1855 Mr. Kittson was a member of the territorial council, and was mayor of the city of St. Paul in 1858. He was the oldest of the pioneers of Minnesota, except Joseph Dajenais, a French Canadian, now residing at Faribault. Mr. Kittson died July 10, 1888, on a railroad train near Chicago. His body was brought to St. Paul for burial.

HASCAL RUSSELL BRILL was born in the county of Mississquoi, Canada, Aug. 10, 1846. He was educated partly at Hamline University, then located at Red Wing, and finished at Ann Arbor, Michigan. He studied law and was admitted to practice at St. Paul in December, 1869, and formed a partnership with Stanford Newel. Three years later he was elected probate judge and served two years. In 1875 he was appointed by Gov. Davis to fill the vacancy in the court of common pleas caused by the death of Judge W. S. Hall, and a few months later was elected by the people to fill the same position. In politics Judge Brill is Republican. He was married Aug. 11, 1873, to Cora A. Gray, of Suspension Bridge, Niagara county, New York.

WARD W. FOLSOM, brother of Simeon P. and W. H. C. Folsom, was born in Tamworth, New Hampshire, Oct. 13, 1824, but in early life removed with his parents to Skowhegan, Maine, and in 1846 came to Arcola, Minnesota. In 1848 he removed to St. Croix Falls and in 1851 to Taylor's Falls, where he kept the Chisago House and engaged in lumbering until 1857, when he removed to St. Paul, which city has since been his home. He was employed for three years during the Civil War in the quartermaster's department at St. Louis, Missouri. In 1865, with health greatly shattered, he returned to St. Paul. He was married to Sydney Puget, of St. Louis, in 1852. They have two adopted sons.

GORDON E. COLE was born in Berkshire county, Ma.s.sachusetts, June 18, 1833; received his education at Sheffield Academy, Ma.s.sachusetts, and at the Dane law school of Harvard University, from which school he graduated in 1854. He practiced law two years in his native town, came to Minnesota, and located in Faribault in 1847. In 1859 he was elected attorney general and served three consecutive terms. He served one year as state senator, and a year in compiling state statutes. He has been a railroad attorney and has filled many honorable positions. He was married in August, 1855, to Stella C. Whipple, of Shaftsbury, Vermont, who died in June, 1872, leaving three children. Feb. 14, 1874, he was married to Kate D. Turner, of Cleveland, Ohio.

JAMES SMITH, JR., was born in Mount Vernon, Knox county, Ohio, Oct.

29, 1815. He obtained a good practical, common school education, and was besides largely self taught. He read law three years in Lancaster, Ohio, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and practiced law in his native town for seventeen years. In 1856 he came to St. Paul, where he has been a.s.sociated in practice with Judge Lafayette Emmett, John M.

Gilman and J. J. Egan. Since the building of the St. Paul & Duluth railroad he has been its attorney, general manager and president.

Mr. Smith was in the state senate in 1861-62-63 and 67, and proved a careful and able legislator. As a lawyer he stands deservedly high. He was married to Elisabeth Martin, Jan. 18, 1848. They have four children.

WILLIAM PITT MURRAY is of Irish descent. He was born in Hamilton, Butler county, Ohio, in 1827; came to Centreville, Indiana, in 1844; attended school there, graduated at the State Law School at Bloomington in 1849, and the same year came to St. Paul, where he has practiced law ever since. He has also taken an active part in the politics of the city and State. He has probably a.s.sisted in the pa.s.sage of more laws than any other man in the State. He was a member of the territorial house of representatives in 1852-53 and 57, and of the territorial council of 1854-55, acting as president in the latter year. He was a member of the Democratic wing of the const.i.tutional convention in 1857; was a representative in the state legislatures of 1863 and 1868, and a state senator in 1866-67, 1875-76, and has besides served sixteen years in the city council of St. Paul. He has been county and city attorney since 1876. He has been honored beyond most public servants and has a county named after him. He was married to Carolina S. Conwell, of Laurel, Indiana, April 7, 1853. They have three children living.

HENRY HALE.--Judge Hale was born in Vermont in 1816; studied law and was admitted to practice in his native state. He came to St. Paul in 1856 and opened a law office on Bridge Square. He took an active part in the politics of the State and vehemently opposed the $5,000,000 loan bill. He has since retired from law practice, and is now a successful dealer in real estate.

JAMES GILFILLAN, son of James and Janet (Gilmor) Gilfillan, was born in Bannockburn, Scotland, March 9, 1829. His parents came to America in 1830 and located at New Hartford, New York. He was educated in the common schools, read law and was admitted to practice in 1850. He removed to Buffalo, New York, where he practiced law until 1857, when he removed to St. Paul and opened a law office. In 1862 he enlisted in Company H, Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, became its captain and before the close of the war was commissioned colonel of the Eleventh Minnesota Infantry. In 1869 he was appointed to a vacancy on the supreme bench of the State and again in 1875. The same year he was elected to the office for seven years, at the end of which time he was re-elected. He was married June 4, 1867, to Miss Martha McMasters, of St. Paul. They have six children.

CHARLES DUNCAN GILFILLAN, a younger brother of James, was born in New Hartford, New York, July 4, 1831. He was educated in the common schools, Homer Academy and Hamilton College. After leaving college, in 1850, he located in Missouri, and a year later came to Stillwater, Minnesota, where he read law with Michael E. Ames, was admitted to the bar in 1853 and removed to St. Paul in 1854, where he engaged for about twelve years in the practice of his profession. Since that period he has been engaged in furthering various public enterprises, among them the St. Paul Water Works, of which he was the founder and for many years manager. He has occupied various public positions, always with credit to himself. He was the first recorder of Stillwater; was a member of the state legislatures of 1864-65, and 1876, and a member of the senate from 1878 to 1881, inclusive. At the session of 1878 he was chairman of the railroad committee and the committees on judiciary and education. In politics he is a Republican.

Mr. Gilfillan was married to Emma C. Waage, of Montgomery county, New York, who died in 1863, leaving no issue. In 1865 he married f.a.n.n.y S.

Waage, sister of his first wife. They have four children.

ALEXANDER WILKIN was born in Orange county, New York, in December, 1820. He studied law with his father, Judge Samuel J. Wilkin, and practiced awhile at Goshen. In 1847 he enlisted in the Tenth New York Regulars for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned captain.

In the spring of 1849 he came to St. Paul; practiced law; was appointed United States marshal in 1851, and served until 1853. He visited Europe during the Crimean War, and studied the art of war before Sebastopol. At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he raised the first company for the first regiment, acted with conspicuous bravery at the battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned major of the Second Minnesota, lieutenant colonel in the same regiment, and colonel of the Ninth Minnesota, all in the same year, 1862. He took part in the Indian campaign, but at its close returned South, his regiment being attached to the Sixteenth Army Corps, under Gen. A. J. Smith. He was advanced to the position of brigade commander, and was killed at the battle of Tupelo, Mississippi, July 14, 1864. Wilkin county, Minnesota, bears his name.

WESCOTT WILKEN, a brother of Alexander, was born at Goshen, New York, in 1827, received a good education, graduating at Princeton College in 1843, and studied law at New Haven Law School in 1846. He practiced law in Sullivan county, New York, and was county judge four years. In 1856 he came to St. Paul and formed a partnership with I. V. D. Heard; was elected judge of the district court in 1864, and re-elected every succeeding term, without opposition.

S. C. WHITCHER was born in Genesee county, New York, in 1821. He came to Amador, Chisago county, Minnesota, in 1853, and to St. Paul in 1858. He was married to Helen M. Olds, in New York, in 1840. Their two sons are Charles and Edward.

MAJ. THOMAS MCLEAN NEWSON was born in New York City, Feb. 22, 1827, of Scotch-Irish parentage. His paternal grandfather was paymaster in the army during the war of 1812. His father, Capt. George Newson, commanded a military company in New York City for seventeen years.

Three uncles were in the war of 1812. His father removed to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1832, and both parents died there in 1834. The son, after his parents' death, was placed in a boarding school. When he left the school he learned the printer's trade, and on arriving at his majority entered into partnership with John B. Hotchkiss in the publication of the _Derby Journal_, in Birmingham, Connecticut. During this period he wrote poetry, delivered lectures, and took an active part in political affairs. He was secretary of the first editorial a.s.sociation in Connecticut, and started and conducted for a year the first daily penny paper in the State. He was one of the originators of the reform school and an efficient promoter of its interests.

He came to St. Paul in 1853, where he was first a.s.sociated with Joseph R. Brown in the editorial department of the _Pioneer_, but the following spring, in company with others, started the _Daily Times_, which he edited until 1860, when he leased the material to W. R.

Marshall. The _Press_ was the outgrowth of this movement. He was one of the founders of the Republican party in the State and was sole delegate of his party in Minnesota to the Pittsburgh national convention.

At the outbreak of the Rebellion he entered the service of his country, was commissioned commissary of subsistence and subsequently appointed acting a.s.sistant quartermaster, with the rank of captain. At one time he was chief commissary at St. Cloud. He left the army with a splendid record for honesty and capacity, with the brevet rank of major, conferred for meritorious service, and the offer of a position in the regular army, which he declined. In 1866 he was commander and president of a company which explored the Vermillion Lake region prospecting for precious metals. He was the first to a.s.say the iron ores, now so famous, in that region. In later years we find him prospecting amongst the Black Hills, enjoying the wild life of the frontier and devoting some attention to literature. While there he wrote a drama of "Life in the Hills" and delivered lectures at various times and places, achieving in this line an enviable success. Since this period he has written and published an interesting work, ent.i.tled "Thrilling Scenes Among the Indians," drawn from his own observation and experience; also "Pen Pictures and Biographical Sketches of Old Settlers of St. Paul, from 1838 to 1857," a rich and racy book of seven hundred and thirty-two pages, in which the driest biographical details are enlivened with amusing anecdotes and witty comments, in which naught is set down in malice, but every line glows with the genial spirit of the author. He has in contemplation another volume on the same subject. He has also published "Heleopa," "Indian Legends"

and "Recollections of Eminent Men." Maj. Newson is a man of varied and miscellaneous gifts. He is a ready writer, a fluent and eloquent speaker, a journalist, a historian and the oldest editor in Minnesota.

He is corresponding secretary of the National Editorial a.s.sociation, and the first and only honorary member of the State Fire a.s.sociation; he is a geologist, mineralogist and a.s.sayer, a member of the G. A. R., of the Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges, and of the Junior Pioneers. He is broad-gauged and popular in his views and positive in the expression of his opinions. He was married to Miss Harriet D. Brower, in Albany, New York, in 1857, and has a family of five girls and one boy, May, Hattie, Nellie, Jessie, Grace, and T. M. Newson, Jr.

[Ill.u.s.tration: MAJ. T. M. NEWSON, THE OLDEST EDITOR IN THE STATE.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: CAPT. HENRY A. CASTLE, ONE OF MINNESOTA'S PIONEER EDITORS.]

COL. ALVAREN ALLEN was born in New York in 1822; came to Wisconsin in 1837, and to St. Anthony Falls in 1857, where he engaged in the livery, staging and express business. In 1859 he followed railroading; in 1873 he bought Col. Shaw's interest in the Merchants Hotel of St.

Paul, for $40,000, and Col. Potter's interest for $275,000, property now held at $500,000. In 1887 he rented the property to Mr. Welz. Col.

Allen is a genial man, and has friends all over the continent. He was the second mayor of St. Anthony Falls, and has held various public positions in St. Paul.

[Ill.u.s.tration: H. P. HALL.]

HARLAN P. HALL.--The writer has been unable to obtain any sketch of the history of Mr. Hall. We have to say that he has been an enterprising journalist in St. Paul. He was the founder of the _Daily_ and _Weekly_ St. Paul _Dispatch_; also of the St. Paul _Daily_ and _Weekly Globe_. He is a fluent, versatile writer, and a genial a.s.sociate.

STEPHEN MILLER, a native of Perry county, Pennsylvania, was born Jan.

7, 1816. Being in straitened circ.u.mstances he early commenced a life of toil, supported himself and to a great extent educated himself. In 1858 he removed to St. Cloud, Minnesota, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1860 he served as delegate to the Republican convention at Chicago that nominated Lincoln for the presidency. In 1861 he enlisted as a private soldier, but rose rapidly from the ranks, being commissioned as a lieutenant colonel of the First Minnesota Infantry, then as colonel of the Seventh Minnesota Infantry. He was in command of this regiment at the execution of the thirty-eight condemned Indian murderers at Mankato. In 1863 he was commissioned as brigadier general but resigned to accept the position of governor of Minnesota. In 1871 he removed from St. Paul to Windom. In 1873 he was in the Minnesota house of representatives. In 1876 he was presidential elector. In 1839 he was married to Margaret Funk, of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. They have had three sons. One son was killed at the battle of Gettysburg.

Gov. Miller died in 1878, at Windom, Minnesota.

CHAPTER XXII.

DAKOTA COUNTY.