State the causes of herpes simplex.

Herpes facialis is often observed in a.s.sociation with colds and febrile and lung diseases. Malaria, digestive disturbance, and nervous disorders are not infrequently predisposing factors. Herpes progenitalis is said to occur more frequently in those who have previously had some venereal disease, especially gonorrh[oe]a, but this is questionable. It is probably often purely neurotic.

What are the diagnostic points?

The appearance of one or several vesicular groups or cl.u.s.ters about the face, and especially about the lips, is usually sufficiently characteristic. The same holds true ordinarily when the eruption is seen on the prepuce or other parts of the genitalia; it is only when the vesicles become rubbed or abraded and irritated that it might be mistaken for a venereal sore, but the history, course and duration will usually serve to differentiate.

Give the prognosis.

The eruption will usually disappear in several days or one or two weeks without treatment. Remedial applications, however, exert a favorable influence. Herpes progenitalis exhibits a strong disposition to recurrence.

What is the treatment of herpes facialis?

Anointing the parts with camphorated cold cream, with spirits of camphor or similar evaporating and stimulating applications will at times afford relief to the burning, and shorten the course.

What is the treatment of herpes progenitalis?

In herpes about the genitalia cleanliness is of first importance. A saturated solution of boric acid, a dusting-powder of calomel or oxide of zinc, and the following lotion, containing calamine and oxide of zinc, are valuable:--

[Rx] Zinci oxidi, Calaminae, .......... [=a][=a] ........ gr. v Glycerinae, Alcoholis, ......... [=a][=a] ........ [minim]vj Aquae, ................................ [Oz]j M.

In obstinate recurrent cases, frequent applications of a mild galvanic current will have a favorable influence.

Hydroa Vacciniforme.

(_Synonyms:_ Recurrent Summer Eruption; Hydroa Puerorum; Hydroa Aestivale.)

Describe hydroa vacciniforme.

It is a rare vesicular disease usually seen in boys (only two or three exceptions), occurring upon uncovered parts, especially the nose, cheeks, and ears. The lesions begin as red spots, discrete or in groups, rapidly exhibit vesiculation, and later umbilication; the contents become milky, dry to crusts, which fall off and leave small pit-like scars. Fresh outbreaks may take place almost continuously, and the process go on indefinitely, at least up to youth or manhood, when the tendency subsides. Its activity is usually limited to the warm season.

Arthritic symptoms and general disturbance are sometimes noted in severe cases.

It is doubtless a vasomotor neurosis. Exposure to sun and wind is an important, if not essential, etiological factor. Primarily the lesion begins in the rete middle layers, and is purely vesicular in character; later, necrosis of the rete and extending deep in the corium is observed.

Treatment so far has only been palliative, consisting of the applications employed in similar conditions. Const.i.tutional medication is based upon general principles. The patient should avoid exposure to the sun, strong wind and excessive artificial heat.

Epidermolysis Bullosa.

Describe epidermolysis bullosa.

This is a rare, usually hereditary, disease or condition, characterized by the formation of vesicles and blebs on any part subjected to slight rubbing or irritation. No scarring is left, and no pigmentation noted.

The predisposition to these lesions persists indefinitely. The general health is not involved. The nature of the disease is obscure.

Treatment has no influence in modifying or lessening this tendency. The vulnerable parts should so far as possible be protected from knocks and undue friction.

Dermat.i.tis Repens.

What do you understand by dermat.i.tis repens?

It is a rare spreading dermat.i.tis starting from an injury, extending by a serous undermining of the epidermis, and usually occurring upon the upper extremities.

It usually begins shortly after an injury, and, as a rule, presents itself by redness and serous exudation. The overlying epidermis breaks, and the area of disease gradually progresses by an extension of the serous undermining process, the denuded part looking red and raw, with usually an oozing surface. As the disease spreads the oldest part becomes dry and heals, the new epidermal covering being thin and atrophic in appearance. Its most usual beginning is on some part of the hand, and from here it may spread up the arm and involve considerable area.

The injury from which it starts may be extremely insignificant, apparently affording an opening for the introduction of the causative factor, doubtless parasitic. Beyond a feeling of soreness there seem to be no special subjective symptoms.

Give the prognosis and treatment.

The malady shows but little tendency to spontaneous cure. The frequent or constant application of a mild antiseptic lotion, such as boric acid and resorcin, or of a mild parasiticide ointment will generally bring the disease gradually to an end.

Herpes Zoster.

(_Synonyms:_ Zoster; Zona; Shingles.)

Give a definition of herpes zoster.

Herpes zoster is an acute, self-limited, inflammatory disease, characterized by groups of vesicles upon inflammatory bases, situated over or along a nerve tract.

Upon what parts of the body may the eruption appear?

It may appear upon any part, following the course of a nerve; it is therefore always limited in extent, and confined to one side of the body. It is probably most common about the intercostal, lumbar and supra-orbital regions. In rare instances the eruption has been observed to be bilateral.

Are there any subjective or const.i.tutional symptoms?

Yes; there is, as a rule, neuralgic pain preceding, during and following the eruption; and in some cases, also, there may be in the beginning mild febrile disturbance. There is also a variable degree of tenderness and pain.

What are the characters of the eruption?

Several or more hyperaemic or inflammatory patches over a nerve course appear, upon which are seated vesico-papules irregularly grouped; these vesico-papules become distinct vesicles, of size from a pin-head to a pea, and soon dry and give rise to thin, yellowish or brownish crusts, which drop off, leaving in most instances no permanent trace, in others more or less scarring. In some cases the lesions may become pustular and, on the other hand, the eruption may be abortive, stopping short of full vesiculation.