Erysipelas.

What is erysipelas?

Erysipelas is an acute specific inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, commonly of the face, characterized by shining redness, swelling, [oe]dema, heat, and a tendency in some cases to vesicle- and bleb-formation, and accompanied by more or less febrile disturbance.

Describe the symptoms and course of erysipelas.

A decided rigor or a feeling of chilliness followed by febrile action usually ushers in the cutaneous disturbance. The skin at a certain point or part, commonly where there is a lesion of continuity, becomes bright red and swollen; this spreads by peripheral extension, and in the course of several hours involves a portion or the whole region. The parts are shining red, swollen, of an elevated temperature, and sharply defined against the sound skin. After several days or a week, during which time there is usually continued mild or severe febrile action, the process begins to subside, and is followed by epidermic desquamation.

In some cases vesicles and blebs may be present; in other cases the disease seriously involves the deeper parts, and is accompanied by grave const.i.tutional symptoms. In exceptional instances sloughing takes place.

A mild, transitory, limited, and often recurrent erysipelatous condition of the outlet and immediate neighborhood of one or both nostrils is met with, taking its origin from an inflammation of the hair-follicles just inside the margin of the nose; const.i.tutional symptoms are usually wanting. Somewhat similar, doubtless, is the erysipelatous inflammation (_erysipeloid_) observed on the fingers and hands of butchers, etc., starting from a wound, apparently as a result of infection from putrid meat or fish.

What is erysipelas migrans (or erysipelas ambulans)?

A variety of erysipelas which, after a few hours or days, disappears at one region and appears at another, and so continues for one or several weeks.

What is the cause of erysipelas?

The disease is due to a specific streptococcus--the streptococcus of Fehleisen. Depression of the vital forces and local abrasions are predisposing factors.

State the diagnostic points.

The character of the onset, the shining redness and swelling, the sharply-defined border, and the accompanying febrile disturbance.

What is the prognosis in erysipelas?

In most instances the disease runs a favorable course, terminating in recovery in one to three weeks. Exceptionally, in severe cases, a fatal termination ensues.

What is the treatment of erysipelas?

_Internally_, a purge, followed by the tincture of the chloride of iron and quinia, and stimulants if needed. _Locally_, one to three per cent.

carbolic-acid lotion or ointment, a saturated solution of boric acid, or a ten- to twenty-per-cent. aqueous solution or ointment of ichthyol may be employed.

In some cases the spread of the disease is apparently controlled by painting the bordering healthy skin with a ring of tincture of iodine or strong solution of nitrate of silver.

Phlegmona Diffusa.

What do you understand by phlegmona diffusa?

Phlegmona diffusa is a more or less extensive inflammation of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues presenting symptoms partaking of the nature of both deep erysipelas and flat carbuncles, and usually attended with varying const.i.tutional disturbance. Suppuration at several points takes place, and sloughing may ensue. Recovery usually finally results, but a fatal issue is possible.

Treatment is based upon general principles.

Furunculus.

(_Synonyms:_ Furuncle; Boil.)

Define furunculus.

Furunculus, or boil, is an acute, deep-seated, inflammatory, circ.u.mscribed, rounded or more or less ac.u.minated, firm, painful formation, usually terminating in central suppuration.

Describe the symptoms and course.

A boil begins as a small, rounded or imperfectly defined reddish spot, or as a small, superficial pustule; it increases in size, and when well advanced appears as a pea or cherry-sized, circ.u.mscribed, reddish elevation, with more or less surrounding hyperaemia and swelling; it is painful and tender, and ends, in the course of several days or a week, in the formation of a central slough or "_core_," which finally involves the central overlying skin (_pointing_). One or several may be present, gradually maturing and disappearing. Insignificant scarring may remain.

In some cases sympathetic const.i.tutional disturbance is noticed.

What is a blind boil?

A sluggish boil exhibiting little, if any, tendency to point or break.

What is furunculosis?

Furunculosis is that condition in which boils, singly or in crops, continue to appear, irregularly, for weeks or months.

State the etiology of furuncle.

A depraved state of the general health is often to be considered as a predisposing factor. Persistent furunculosis is not infrequent in diabetes mellitus. The immediate exciting cause is the entrance into the follicle of a microbe, the staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. It is not improbable, however, that boils may also be due to other pus-producing organisms.

Workmen in paraffin oils or other petroleum products often present numerous furuncles and cutaneous abscesses. Conditions favoring a persistent miliaria have also a causative influence, especially observed in infants and young children. In these latter, especially among the poorer cla.s.ses, sluggish boils or subcutaneous abscesses about the scalp in hot weather, are not at all infrequent.

What is the pathology of furuncle?

A boil is an inflammatory formation having its starting point in a sebaceous-gland, sweat-gland, or hair-follicle. The core, or central slough, is composed of pus and of the tissue of the gland in which it had its origin.

How would you distinguish a boil from a carbuncle?