69. Paston Letters 70. The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England; Scofield: "Elizabeth Wydeville in the Sanctuary at Westminster"

71. Hall 72. Warkworth 73. These details are recorded in a letter written by Edward IV to the Lord Privy Seal in 1473; Additional MS. 4614, f. 222 74. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV 75. Croyland Chronicle 76. Commines 77. Croyland Chronicle 78. Arrivall 79. Recovery of the Throne, Royal MSS.; Political Poems and Songs 80. Arrivall 81. Ibid.

82. Political Poems and Songs 83. Foedera 84. Arrivall 85. Ibid.

86. Ibid.

87. Hall, corroborated by the ill.u.s.trated version of the Arrivall, dating from 1471.

88. Croyland Chronicle 89. Ibid.

90. Mancini 91. Arrivall 92. Croyland Chronicle 93. Holinshed 94. He hastened to make peace with Edward IV, but in September was arrested and beheaded.

95. Croyland Chronicle 96. Warkworth 97. Arrivall 98. Warkworth 99. Archaeologia 100. CSP Milan 101. Great Chronicle of London 102. Croyland Chronicle 103. Cotton MS. Julius B, XII, 317; Letters of Royal and Ill.u.s.trious Ladies 104. Rotuli Parliamentorum 105. Vergil 106. Andre 2: "MADAME LA DAUPHINE"

1. Mancini 2. Commines 3. Mancini 4. Croyland Chronicle 5. More 6. Ibid.

7. Mancini 8. CSP Milan 9. Mancini 10. Ibid.

11. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 146777 12. HVIIPPE.

13. Cotton MSS. Vespasian, f. XIII 14. Pietro Carmeliano, cited in Anglo: Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy 15. An example is in Cotton MSS. Vespasian, f. III, p. 15, and probably comes from a book Cecily owned.

16. CSP Spain 17. CSP Venice; CSP Milan 18. Collection of Ordinances 19. In 1477 priests holding fellowships at Queens' College, Cambridge, were instructed to offer daily prayers for "our sovereign lady, Queen Elizabeth, foundress of the College, the Prince, and all the King's childer." The college was founded by Andrew Dockett, a local rector, in 1446. Margaret of Anjou had become its patron in 1448.

20. Sutton and Visscher-Fuchs: "A 'Most Benevolent Queen' "; Women and the Book 21. Stonyhurst MS. 37; Tudor-Craig 22. Royal MS. 14, EIII; Wilkins; McKendrick, Lowden and Doyle 23. Garrett MS. 168; Quaritch; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 24. Hinde 25. Paston Letters; Additional MS. 6113 26. Croyland Chronicle 27. Only some masonry and the vaulted undercroft, which housed the domestic offices, survives of Edward III's palace.

28. Hedley 29. "Narratives of the Arrival of Louis of Bruges"; Kingsford: English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century 30. Green 31. Brigden 32. Mancini 33. Rous 34. More 35. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 146777; B.L. Additional MS. 14289, f. 12; Lowe 36. Shears 37. Hicks: Edward V; Exchequer Records E.101/412/9-11; Harleian MS. 158, ff. 119v, 120v; Additional MS. 6113, ff. 9798v, 11112 38. Foedera 39. Commines; Foedera 40. Commines 41. Cotton MSS.

42. Commines 43. Additional MS. 6113 44. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV. This infant was possibly named for her aunt, Anne of York, d.u.c.h.ess of Exeter, or for her great-grandmother, Anne Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge, through whom the House of York claimed its senior descent from Edward III. Edward IV also professed a special devotion to St. Anne, mother of the Virgin Mary.

45. c.o.kayne 46. Leland: Itinerary 47. Croyland Chronicle 48. A detailed account of the proceedings by Thomas Whiting, Chester Herald, is in Excerpta Historica. See also Sutton and Visscher-Fuchs: Reburial 49. At the Reformation the college was dissolved and half the church dismantled. Visiting the ruined choir in 1573, Elizabeth I was appalled to see that the tombs were much decayed, and ordered that new Renaissance-style monuments be built in the church to house the remains of Edward, Duke of York; Richard, Duke of York; Cecily Neville (who had been buried at Fotheringhay in 1495); and Edmund, Earl of Rutland. These are the sepulchres that can be seen today in the sanctuary. The once splendid castle where Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed in 1587, was pulled down in 1627, and all that remain are the twelfth-century earthworks, and a fragment of masonry.

50. Plowden: Tudor Women. Holinshed, writing of Edward's later plan of 1483 to marry Elizabeth to Henry Tudor, states the marriage had been suggested some years earlier, but Elizabeth was betrothed to the Dauphin at the time.

51. Andre 52. Commines 53. CSP Milan 54. He was born at Windsor-Edward IV refers to him as "our son, George of Windsor" (Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV)-not, as is sometimes stated, at the Dominican friary in Shrewsbury where his brother Richard had been born. The first mention of him is in a doc.u.ment of July 6, 1477, appointing him Lieutenant of Ireland.

55. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV 56. The Register of the Most n.o.ble Order of the Garter 57. Hedley 58. Croyland Chronicle 59. Ibid.

60. Anne Mowbray was reburied in the Poor Clares' convent at Stepney. Her coffin was found during excavations in 1965, and after examination her remains were reburied later that year as close as possible to her original burial place in Westminster Abbey. A photograph of her remarkably preserved hair is in the Museum of London.

61. The Narrative of the Marriage of Richard, Duke of York; Ill.u.s.trations of Ancient State and Chivalry 62. Rotuli Parliamentorum 63. Mancini 64. Hicks: False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence 65. Mancini; Great Chronicle of London; Commines, Molinet, Roye, Vergil; Stow: Annals 66. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 146777 67. Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, in PPE 68. Hicks: False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence 69. Cited Jones: Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485 70. Westervelt; Hicks: Richard III; Hicks: False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence; Crawford: The Yorkists 71. Croyland Chronicle; Vergil; More 72. Vergil 73. Ibid.

74. Ross: Edward IV 75. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV 76. Ibid.

77. CSP Milan 78. CSP Venice 79. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea 80. Warner 81. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea 82. Harleian MS. 4780 83. Green; Platt 84. Account of Garter King of Arms, in Additional MS. 6113, ff. 49, 7474v; PPE 85. Foedera 86. Hall 87. Foedera 88. College of Arms MS. I, 11, f.21r-v; Sandford.

89. Jones, in Women of the Cousins' Wars; Andre 90. Rous 91. Foedera 92. Kendall: Louis XI 93. Croyland Chronicle 94. Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, in PPE 95. Croyland Chronicle 96. Ibid.

3: "THIS ACT OF USURPATION"

1. More 2. Croyland Chronicle 3. Vergil 4. Commines 5. Excerpta Historica 6. McKelvey 7. Calendar of Papal Registers 8. Cotton MS. Cleopatra 9. Mancini; Vergil 10. Mancini 11. Croyland Chronicle; Mancini 12. Mancini 13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Vergil 16. Mancini 17. Ibid.

18. More 19. Mancini 20. Dockray: Richard III: A Source Book 21. Crawford: The Yorkists 22. Mancini 23. Vergil 24. Croyland Chronicle 25. Shears 26. Mancini 27. More 28. Mancini 29. More 30. Mancini 31. Fabyan 32. Croyland Chronicle; Great Chronicle of London; Fabyan; More; Vergil 33. Vergil 34. More; Hall 35. Antiquarian Repertory 36. Hall 37. More 38. Stonor Letters 39. Mancini 40. More; Hall. More relates a detailed conversation between the Queen and the Archbishop, but he almost certainly invented the speeches, basing them on what he knew had pa.s.sed between them. This was a common practice in historical writing at that time.

41. More 42. Mancini 43. Andre 44. Rous 45. Croyland Chronicle 46. Registrum Thome Bourgchier 47. Paston Letters; McSheffrey 48. Warkworth 49. This Sir John Mortimer married, after 1485, Margaret, daughter of John Neville, Viscount Montagu, and sister of the George Neville, who had at one time been affianced to Elizabeth; Margaret Neville later married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk.

50. Tudor-Craig; Catalogue of Western Ma.n.u.scripts and Miniatures. The ma.n.u.script was in the collection of Colonel Bradfer-Lawrence, but was sold at Sotheby's in 1983.

51. Croyland Chronicle 52. Guildhall MSS.

53. York Civic Records 54. Croyland Chronicle 55. Ibid.

56. Mancini 57. Ibid.; Croyland Chronicle 58. Fabyan 59. Andre 60. Mancini 61. Buck, ed. Kincaid; Kendall: Richard the Third; Black; Edwards: "The 'Second' Continuation of the Crowland Chronicle"

62. Mancini 63. Croyland Chronicle 64. Commines 65. Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville 66. Ashdown-Hill: "The Fate of Edward IV's Uncrowned Queen, the Lady Eleanor Talbot, Lady Butler"; Hampton; Mowat; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 146777; Rotuli Parliamentorum; Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York. Ashdown-Hill argues that the story was true and that Edward did make a valid marriage with Eleanor Butler.

67. Helmholz. I am grateful to Professor Anthony Goodman for sending me this reference.

68. Croyland Chronicle 69. Ashdown-Hill: Eleanor, the Secret Queen 70. The Croyland Chronicle is the only source correctly to report Edward's supposed precontract with Eleanor Butler.

71. Crawford: The Yorkists 72. Arrivall 73. Excerpta Historica 74. Hicks: Robert Stillington 75. Mancini 76. Fabyan 77. Mancini 78. Rous 79. Fabyan 80. Croyland Chronicle 81. Ibid.

82. Mancini 83. Croyland Chronicle 84. Loades: The Tudors 85. Myers: "The Princes in the Tower"

86. Brigden 4: "THE WHOLE DESIGN OF THIS PLOT"

1. Croyland Chronicle 2. Ibid.

3. Cely Letters; Smyth 4. Croyland Chronicle 5. Ibid.

6. Dockray: Richard III: A Source Book 7. More 8. Mancini 9. More 10. Rawcliffe, citing D. 1721/1/11, f. 59, Staffordshire Record Office 11. Ross: Richard III 12. Rotuli Parliamentorum 13. Croyland Chronicle 14. The matter is discussed extensively, and the sources evaluated, in my book The Princes in the Tower (1992); although my conclusions are substantially the same, I have revised some aspects in this book.

15. More; Great Chronicle of London; Vergil. For a balanced, academic view, see Hicks: Edward V, who points out that three sources are usually sufficient evidence for academic historians. For More's sources, see The Princes in the Tower.

16. The basis of the British Library.

17. For a full discussion of Buck's sources, see A. N. Kincaid's edition of his work.

18. Cited by Kincaid, in his edition of Buck.

19. Chambers; Markham 20. Hicks: Edward V 21. Ibid.

22. Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI 23. Croyland Chronicle 24. Rowse: Bosworth Field 25. Hall 26. Jones, in Women of the Cousins' Wars 27. Vergil 28. Calendar of Papal Registers 29. Vergil 30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Croyland Chronicle 33. Andre 34. Caxton; The Caxton Project; Gill 35. Dictionary of National Biography 36. Croyland Chronicle 37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Baldwin: Elizabeth Woodville 40. Croyland Chronicle 41. Vergil 42. Stonyhurst MS. 37; Tudor-Craig 43. Vergil 44. Hicks: Edward V 45. Vergil 46. Croyland Chronicle. The original Parliament Roll was destroyed in 1485, but a transcript of the act survives in the Croyland Chronicle.

47. Herlihy 48. Peter Clarke; Hicks: Anne Neville 49. Croyland Chronicle 50. St. Aubyn. I can find no contemporary evidence to support this statement.

51. Harleian MS. 433, f. 308; Original Letters Ill.u.s.trative of English History 52. Cheetham 53. Croyland Chronicle 54. Rotuli Parliamentorum 55. Smyth 56. Baldwin: Lost Prince; Harleian MS. 433; Smyth 57. Mcmahon; Pevsner; Wiltshire Community History 58. Victoria County History: North Yorkshire 59. PPE.

60. Smyth 61. Baldwin: Lost Prince; Victoria County History: North Yorkshire; Smyth. John Nesfield had died by April 1488, when his widow, Margaret a.s.sheton, was granted letters of administration.

62. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III 63. For example, Kendall in Richard the Third 64. Harleian MS. 433, III 65. Ibid.

66. Pierce 67. Richard III: Crown and People 68. For example, Myers in "The Princes in the Tower" and Kendall in Richard the Third 69. Pierce 70. Commines 71. Buck; Strickland 72. Croyland Chronicle. An empty tomb bearing the worn effigy of a boy in Sheriff Hutton Church, Yorkshire, has long been claimed to be Edward of Middleham's. It once bore the Neville arms (as Anne Neville is shown wearing in the contemporary Salisbury Roll) and the royal arms differenced, so the identification may be correct. Hicks: Anne Neville.

73. Croyland Chronicle 74. Great Chronicle of London 75. Gristwood 76. Croyland Chronicle 5: "HER ONLY JOY AND MAKER"

1. Croyland Chronicle 2. Ibid.

3. Rous 4. Croyland Chronicle 5. The pa.s.sage has also been translated to read that Queen Anne and Elizabeth were of similar coloring and shape, but that would hardly have given rise to such comments and speculation.

6. Hicks: Anne Neville 7. Letter of Thomas Langton, Bishop of St. David's, cited by Ross: Richard III 8. Pollard 9. Dockray: Richard III: A Source Book 10. Croyland Chronicle. The words "gratify an incestuous pa.s.sion" can also be translated as "gratify his incestuous pa.s.sion" or "complete his incestuous a.s.sociation."

11. Peter Clarke: "English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century"

12. Cited by Baldwin in Richard III 13. Baldwin: Richard III 14. Hicks: Anne Neville 15. Buck 16. Stow: Annals 17. Croyland Chronicle 18. Helmholz; Sheppard-Routh 19. Croyland Chronicle 20. Acts of Court of the Mercers' Company 21. Croyland Chronicle 22. Ibid.

23. Lopes 24. Warrants for Issues, E. 404/78/3/47 25. For the Portuguese negotiations, see Wilkins; Sanceau; Barrie Williams: "The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of the 'Holy Princess' "; Lopes; Santos; Marques; Ashdown-Hill: The Last Days of Richard III; Baldwin: Richard III. Joana was canonized in 1693.

26. Lamb, citing Harleian MS. 433, states that Elizabeth was proposed as a bride for James FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond (145987). Harley 433 does contain a letter sent in September 1484 by Richard III to the earl, offering to find a suitable bride for Desmond if he ceased conducting himself violently in Munster, adopted English attire, and returned to his allegiance-but Elizabeth is not mentioned. I am indebted to the historian Josephine Wilkinson, who double-checked this for me and confirmed that there is no reference at all to her in connection with Desmond.

27. Cited by Vergil's editor, Dennis Hay, from Vergil's unpublished ma.n.u.script. Buck's editor, A. N. Kincaid, suggests that the reason why this was omitted from Vergil's published history was that it reflected Elizabeth's views on marrying Henry Tudor rather than Richard III, but Vergil wasn't writing in reference to Henry VII, and it is more likely that he left out this pa.s.sage because he knew his master was sensitive about the matter.

28. Reproduced by Kincaid in "Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham."

29. Egerton MS. 2216; Bodleian MS. Malone 1; Fisher MS., University of Toronto; Additional MS. 27422 30. For a full discussion of these texts, see A. N. Kincaid, in Buck.

31. Kincaid: "Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham"; Horrox 32. Buck, ed. Kincaid 33. Ibid.

34. Hicks: Anne Neville 35. Kincaid, in Buck 36. Hervey; Kincaid's edition of Buck; Ricci 37. Kincaid, in Buck 38. Memoir in PPE 39. Gairdner 40. For the debate see Kincaid, in Buck; Horrox; and the articles by Hanham and Kincaid in The Ricardian.

41. See also Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 42. Ashdown-Hill: The Last Days of Richard III; Ashdown-Hill: Richard III's "Beloved Cousyn"

43. Kincaid: "Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham"

44. Baldwin: Elizabeth Woodville 45. Baldwin: Richard III 46. For example, by me in The Princes in the Tower, although I have now revised that view in light of further research.

47. Croyland Chronicle 48. Royal MS. 20, A, f. XIX 49. Harleian MS. 49 50. Gristwood 51. Weir: The Princes in the Tower; Visser-Fuchs: "Where did Elizabeth of York find consolation?"; Baldwin: Lost Prince; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 52. Vergil 53. Ibid.; Griffiths and Thomas 54. Gristwood 55. Acts of Court of the Mercers' Company 56. York Civic Records; Letters of the Kings of England 57. Croyland Chronicle 6: "PURPOSING A CONQUEST"

1. Aside from Gairdner, who compared all the versions of the poem, most historians have based their a.s.sessments on Heywood's edition; however, it differs considerably from the earlier texts.

2. Letts 3. Probably a reference to the Clare inheritance, which should have descended to Elizabeth as her father's heiress.

4. Meaning the common people of his affinity.

5. c.o.kayne 6. Leland: Itinerary 7. Ibid.; Todd; Camden. Sheriff Hutton Castle was much decayed by the reign of James I, when it was partially dismantled, and today only the stark ruins of two towers and the gatehouse remain on its gra.s.sy mound.

8. Bacon's work was based on printed sources that are still available today, and on ma.n.u.script sources, such as those in Sir Robert Cotton's library and doc.u.ments in the records office in the Tower of London and the Crown Office. His contemporary, John Selden, praised his work as one of only two histories that contained "either of the truth or plenty that may be gained from the records of this kingdom" (cited by Vickers in his edition of Bacon).

9. According to a near-contemporary pedigree roll drawn up for the family of Margaret of Clarence, Warwick's sister; see Philip Morgan: "Those were the days: a Yorkist pedigree roll," in Estrangement, Enterprise and Education in Fifteenth-Century England; Jones: Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485.

10. Original Letters Ill.u.s.trative of English History 11. Croyland Chronicle 12. Ibid.

13. Ross: Wars of the Roses 14. Ibid.

15. Croyland Chronicle 16. Most writers follow Kendall: Richard the Third, although he cites no source for this date.

17. Croyland Chronicle 18. Ibid.

19. Hall 20. Vergil 21. Croyland Chronicle 22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.; Vergil 24. Vergil is the only source to state it was Lord Stanley who retrieved the crown; the Great Chronicle of London states that it was Sir William Stanley. After Sir William's execution for treason in 1495, Vergil may have deemed it politic to a.s.sert that it was his brother.

25. Vergil; Hall 26. Vergil 27. Harleian MS. 542 28. Croyland Chronicle 29. Rous 30. HVIIPPE.

31. Ashdown-Hill: The Fate of Richard III's Body; Pidgeon; Baldwin: King Richard's Grave in Leicester; Billson 32. Bacon; Francis Drake, in Eborac.u.m, says that Halewell is mentioned in one of the warrants.

33. Vergil 34. Bacon 35. Vergil 36. Bacon 37. Ibid.

38. Laynesmith 39. Warrant of February 24, 1486, in Exchequer Records E.404/79 40. G.o.dfrey and Wagner; Kingsford: "Historical Notes on Mediaeval London Houses." Coldharbour was burned down in 1666 during the Great Fire of London.

7: "OUR BRIDAL TORCH"

1. Chrimes; Professor Eric Ives, in conversation with the author, May 2012.

2. Calendar of Papal Registers. Henry's great-grandfather, John Beaufort, was the brother of Elizabeth's great-grandmother, Joan Beaufort.

3. Hicks: Anne Neville; Peter Clarke: "English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century"

4. Rastell 5. Rotuli Parliamentorum 6. Bacon 7. Ross: Wars of the Roses 8. Rotuli Parliamentorum 9. Bacon 10. CSP Spain 11. Vergil 12. Hall 13. Gristwood; Jones and Underwood 14. Calendar of Papal Registers 15. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 16. Rutland Papers 17. Fisher: Funeral Sermon 18. Croyland Chronicle 19. Rotuli Parliamentorum 20. CSP Spain 21. Buck 22. Rotuli Parliamentorum 23. Anglo: Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy 24. In his dispensation of 1486 (Foedera)-see Chapter 9.

25. Leland: Collectanea 26. Popular Songs of Ireland 27. Mancini 28. Bacon 29. Ibid.

30. Rotuli Parliamentorum 31. Dockray: Richard III: Myth and Reality 32. Bacon 33. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 34. Rotuli Parliamentorum 35. Vergil 36. Hall 37. Challis; Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship 38. Mackie 39. Bacon 40. Calendar of Papal Registers 41. Weightman; Vaughan; Wiesflacker 42. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea. Gigli was rewarded with a prebendary stall in York; he would serve Henry VII as amba.s.sador to Rome and become Bishop of Worcester (Tournoy-Thouen; Dixon).

43. Calendar of Papal Registers, January 1486 44. PPE.