c.o.x's Orange Pippin Oct., Feb.

St. Edmund's Pippin Nov.

Ross Nonpareil Nov.

d.u.c.h.ess of Oldenburg Aug.

Pott's Seedling Sept.

Lord Grosvenor Sept.

Adams' Pearmain Dec.

Hubbard's Pearmain Dec.

Allington Pippin Nov., Feb.

Scarlet Nonpareil Jan., Feb.

Norman's Pippin Jan.

Lord Burghley Feb.

Duke of Devonshire Feb.

Rosemary Russet Feb.

Sturmer Pippin Very late Allen's Everlasting Very late Fearn's Pippin. Very late Lord Derby Nov.

Bismarck Dec.

Lane's Prince Albert Jan., March Lord Suffield Sept.

Grenadier Sept., Oct.

Golden Spire Sept., Oct.

Seaton House Sept., Oct.

Sandringham Feb.

Alfriston Feb., March Calville Malingre Feb. to Mch.

Calville Rouge Feb. to Mch.

The same authority recommends the following varieties to be grown on Paradise stocks as bushes:

Beauty of Bath July, Aug.

Red Quarrenden July, Aug.

Lady Sudeley Sept.

Worcester Pearmain Sept., Oct.

Yellow Angestrie Sept.

d.u.c.h.ess' Favorite Sept. to Oct.

King of the Pippins Oct.

Early White Transparent J'ly.

Lord Suffield Aug., Sept.

Pott's Seedling Aug., Sept.

Lord Grosvenor Aug., Sept.

Early Julien Aug., Sept.

Ecklinville Seedling Sept., Oct.

Grenadier Sept., Oct.

Stirling Castle Sept., Oct.

Golden Spire Sept., Oct.

c.o.x's Orange Pippin Nov., Feb.

Beauty of Barnack Nov.

Allington Pippin Dec., Feb.

Gascoigne's Scarlet Dec.

Christmas Pearmain Dec.

Winter Quarrenden Dec.

Baumann's Reinette Jan.

Lord Derby Oct., Nov.

Stone's Apple Oct., Nov.

Tower of Glamis Oct., Nov.

Warner's King Oct., Nov.

Bismarck Oct., Nov.

Lane's Prince Albert Dec., Mch.

Bramley's Seedling Dec., Mch.

Newton Wonder Dec., Mch.

Max Loebener in his book on dwarf fruits recommends the following varieties for dwarf apples:

Red Astrachan July, Aug.

Yellow Transparent Aug., Sept.

Charlamowsky Aug., Sept.

Transparent de Croncels Sept., Oct.

Prince Apple Sept., Jan.

Danzig Oct., Dec.

Dean's Codlin Oct. to Feb.

Landbury Reinette Nov., Feb.

c.o.x's Orange Nov. to Mch.

_Requires good soil_ Winter Gold Pearmain Nov., March Ribston Pippin Nov., April _Good warm soil_ Canada Reinette. Nov., April _Hardy_ Belle de Boskoop Nov., May Virginia Rose Aug.

Red Peach Summer Apple Aug., Sept.

Lord Suffield Aug., Oct.

Cellini Sept., Nov.

Alexander Oct., Dec.

Gravenstein Oct. to Jan.

_For moist soils, bears late_ Yellow Richard Nov., Dec.

Bismarck Nov., Feb.

Yellow Bellflower Nov. to April _Requires good position_ Baumann's Reinette Dec., May

Inasmuch as the advantages of the dwarf trees apply especially to the growing of fine fruit, only the better varieties should generally be propagated in this way. On this basis, therefore, rather than on the basis of adaptation learned from experience, the following varieties may be suggested among the well known American sorts for growing in dwarf form:

Baldwin Esopus Mother Williams' Favorite Sutton King Northern Spy Grimes Winesap Yellow Transparent McIntosh Red Astrachan Alexander Wolf River Ribston Pippin Wealthy Wagener

Of course, one propagating dwarf apples would always select his own favorites. It should be noticed that in the list given above are some varieties which are notable for beauty of appearance rather than for superior quality. They are recommended on the former consideration.

Certain varieties in the list, for instance Alexander, are known to succeed especially well as dwarfs.

VIII

DWARF PEARS

Pears are the fruit most largely grown in dwarf form in America. There are a few well established and successful commercial orchards of pears, especially in western New York and Michigan. The pear is the fruit most a.s.siduously cultivated in dwarf and trained forms in Europe. At the same time it is the one with which I confess I have had the least satisfaction. This is perhaps because I have always experimented in a country where pears do not naturally succeed, and because, further, my fancies have run more to other kinds of fruit.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 28--YOUNG ORCHARD OF DWARF PEARS IN WESTERN NEW YORK]

It is probably true that the pear is improved more in quality than any other fruit by being grown in dwarf form and trained as cordons and espaliers on a suitable frame or wall. This is emphatically true in cold and inclement climates, where indeed some of the best varieties of pears will not succeed at all unless given this advantage. A west wall is recommended as giving the very finest results. It should be noted, however, that some varieties do better on walls than others. Those which grow vigorously in bush, pyramid, or standard forms receive comparatively less benefit from wall training.