2 Although she continued to spend: Feis, Although she continued to spend: Feis, Mollie Garfield in the White House Mollie Garfield in the White House, 88.

3 "I hope I shall not disappoint you": Shaw, "I hope I shall not disappoint you": Shaw, Lucretia Lucretia, 91.

4 "Blundered!": Lucretia, "Blundered!": Lucretia, Diary Diary, April 20, 1881, in Garfield, Diary Diary, 641, 4:641.

5 "In these few weeks of trial and anxiety": "The President's Wife," "In these few weeks of trial and anxiety": "The President's Wife," New York Times New York Times, Aug. 28, 1881.

6 "She must be a pretty brave woman": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 25, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "She must be a pretty brave woman": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 25, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

7 "His gradual progress": Reyburn, "His gradual progress": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 31.

8 "day of thanksgiving for the recovery": "Thanksgiving for the President," "day of thanksgiving for the recovery": "Thanksgiving for the President," New York Times New York Times, July 13, 1881.

9 "You keep heart": "A Typical American Family," "You keep heart": "A Typical American Family," New York Times New York Times, July 25, 1881.

10 "Every pa.s.sage of his bowels": Reyburn, "Every pa.s.sage of his bowels": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 18.

11 "rarely spoke of his condition": Ibid., 14. "rarely spoke of his condition": Ibid., 14.

12 His only link to the outside world: "Still Brighter Prospects," His only link to the outside world: "Still Brighter Prospects," New York Times New York Times, July 8, 1881.

13 " "Strangulatus pro Republica": Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield, 2:1193.

14 "There was never a moment": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon." "There was never a moment": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon."

15 Finally, nearly a month after the shooting: Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, Finally, nearly a month after the shooting: Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine, p. 220.

16 "But I move the diaphragm": "Still Brighter Prospects," "But I move the diaphragm": "Still Brighter Prospects," New York Times New York Times, July 8, 1881.

17 "I won't talk to you": "At the Patient's Bedside," "I won't talk to you": "At the Patient's Bedside," New York Times New York Times, July 5, 1881.

18 Friends and family members in Ohio: "The Feeling in Cleveland," Friends and family members in Ohio: "The Feeling in Cleveland," New York Times New York Times, July 4, 1881.

19 "Everywhere," one reporter wrote, "hope and confidence": "The President's Fight for Life," "Everywhere," one reporter wrote, "hope and confidence": "The President's Fight for Life," New York Times New York Times, July 7, 1881.

20 "out of danger": Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, "out of danger": Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine, 221.

21 "large quant.i.ty": Reyburn, "large quant.i.ty": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 3839.

22 "neither ashamed nor afraid": Fisher, "neither ashamed nor afraid": Fisher, Joseph Lister Joseph Lister, 130.

23 "was looking very well": Reyburn, "was looking very well": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 39.

24 "he is feverish": Ibid., 40. "he is feverish": Ibid., 40.

25 "drenched with a profuse perspiration": Ibid., 41. "drenched with a profuse perspiration": Ibid., 41.

26 "the President bore": "Complete Medical Record of President Garfield's Case Containing All of the Official Bulletins," 2526. "the President bore": "Complete Medical Record of President Garfield's Case Containing All of the Official Bulletins," 2526.

27 He vomited repeatedly: Reyburn, He vomited repeatedly: Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 43.

28 "weak solution of car bolic [ "weak solution of car bolic [sic] acid": Ibid., 42.

29 Unbeknownst to his doctors: Autopsy of James A. Garfield, 4. Unbeknownst to his doctors: Autopsy of James A. Garfield, 4.

30 An enormous cavity: Ibid., 3. An enormous cavity: Ibid., 3.

31 "We received every morning": Reyburn, "We received every morning": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 23.

32 One man sent the doctors plans: Ibid. One man sent the doctors plans: Ibid.

33 A man in Maryland wrote to Bliss: Prichard and Herring, "The Problem of the President's Bullet," A man in Maryland wrote to Bliss: Prichard and Herring, "The Problem of the President's Bullet," Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, 2 (May 1951), 62533.

34 Although Bliss admitted: Ibid., 626. Although Bliss admitted: Ibid., 626.

35 "had a suspicion": Ibid., 627. "had a suspicion": Ibid., 627.

36 "bullet has pierced the liver": "A Great Nation in Grief," "bullet has pierced the liver": "A Great Nation in Grief," New York Times New York Times, July 3, 1881.

37 At least one doctor in Washington: Baker, At least one doctor in Washington: Baker, President Garfield's Case President Garfield's Case, 18.

38 Baker even drew up a diagram: Ibid. Baker even drew up a diagram: Ibid.

39 "I felt," he would later explain, "that it was improper": Quoted in Rutkow "I felt," he would later explain, "that it was improper": Quoted in Rutkow, JamesA. Garfield, 117.

40 "These bulletins were often the subject": Reyburn, "These bulletins were often the subject": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 19.

41 "If the slightest unfavorable symptom": Reyburn, "If the slightest unfavorable symptom": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 19.

42 "Your arrival and 'Professor' Tainter's": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 16, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Your arrival and 'Professor' Tainter's": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 16, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

43 "the experiment will be watched": "Search for the Pistol Ball," "the experiment will be watched": "Search for the Pistol Ball," Washington Post Washington Post, July 15, 1881.

44 "Ordinary telegrams I presume": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Ordinary telegrams I presume": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

45 Since he had agreed to a brief interview: Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 18, 1881. Since he had agreed to a brief interview: Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 18, 1881.

46 "carried a bullet in his body": Bell, "carried a bullet in his body": Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 18.

47 "sonorous spot": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 23, 1881, quoted in Bell, "sonorous spot": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 23, 1881, quoted in Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 54.

48 "Will you do us the favor": D. W. Bliss to Alexander Graham Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Will you do us the favor": D. W. Bliss to Alexander Graham Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

49 "tired, ill, dispirited": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "tired, ill, dispirited": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

50 If Bell added a condenser: What was then known as a condenser is today called a capacitor. If Bell added a condenser: What was then known as a condenser is today called a capacitor.

51 Breaking open the instrument: Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. Breaking open the instrument: Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

52 Not only did it improve the sound: Bell, Not only did it improve the sound: Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 20.

53 Bell could now detect a bullet: Bell, Bell could now detect a bullet: Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 1620; Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 345.

54 "trial of the apparatus": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "trial of the apparatus": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

55 "Mr. Garfield himself is reported": Mabel Bell to her mother, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Mr. Garfield himself is reported": Mabel Bell to her mother, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

56 "so calm and grand": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "so calm and grand": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

57 "the look of a man": Ibid. "the look of a man": Ibid.

58 Frantically, Bell tried everything: Bell, Frantically, Bell tried everything: Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 55.

59 The sound, however, was distracting: Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. The sound, however, was distracting: Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

60 Taking in the long wires: Mackenzie, Taking in the long wires: Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 237.

61 "His head was so buried": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "His head was so buried": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

62 After carefully pulling: Ibid. After carefully pulling: Ibid.

63 As everyone in the room: Ibid. As everyone in the room: Ibid.

64 "sharp and sudden reinforcement": Bruce, "sharp and sudden reinforcement": Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 346.

65 Finally, with the president quickly tiring: Bell, Finally, with the president quickly tiring: Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments,55.

66 "I feel woefully disappointed": Bruce, "I feel woefully disappointed": Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 346.

67 Returning to his laboratory: Bell, Returning to his laboratory: Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 55.

68 "Private and confidential": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Private and confidential": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

Chapter 19: On a Mountaintop, Alone

1 On July 23: "Conkling and His Friends," On July 23: "Conkling and His Friends," New York Times New York Times, July 24, 1881.

2 Conkling, who had always worked: Chidsey, Conkling, who had always worked: Chidsey, The Gentleman from New York The Gentleman from New York, 3.

3 "renew their pledges": "Roscoe Conkling Beaten," "renew their pledges": "Roscoe Conkling Beaten," New York Times New York Times, July 23, 1881.

4 "must not reap the reward": Chidsey, "must not reap the reward": Chidsey, The Gentleman from New York The Gentleman from New York, 355.

5 "moody and fretful": "Conkling and His Friends," "moody and fretful": "Conkling and His Friends," New York Times New York Times, July 24, 1881.

6 "done with politics": Conkling, "done with politics": Conkling, The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling, 306; Chidsey, The Gentleman from New York The Gentleman from New York, 115.

7 "I presume that if Mr. Arthur": Chidsey, "I presume that if Mr. Arthur": Chidsey, The Gentleman from New York The Gentleman from New York, 354.

8 "Disguise it as they may seek to do": "The Senatorial Contest," "Disguise it as they may seek to do": "The Senatorial Contest," New York Times New York Times, July 6, 1881.

9 Some took a tactical approach: "Arguing About Possibilities," Some took a tactical approach: "Arguing About Possibilities," New York Times New York Times, July 6, 1881. Arthur had been born in Vermont.

10 "shoulder their muskets": "shoulder their muskets": Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1881, quoted in Ackerman, Dark Horse Dark Horse, 394.

11 "There is no doubt that he is suffering keenly": "Vice President Arthur," "There is no doubt that he is suffering keenly": "Vice President Arthur," New York Times New York Times, July 5, 1881.

12 "seemed to be overcome": Reeves, "seemed to be overcome": Reeves, Gentleman Boss Gentleman Boss, 242.

13 "unable to conceal his emotion": "Gen. Arthur in Washington," "unable to conceal his emotion": "Gen. Arthur in Washington," New York Times New York Times, July 4, 1881.

14 Finally, a journalist from New York: Finally, a journalist from New York: New York Times New York Times, July 5, 1881.

15 "his head bowed down": Ibid. "his head bowed down": Ibid.

16 "received no visit": "Conkling and His Friends," "received no visit": "Conkling and His Friends," New York Times New York Times, July 24, 1881.

17 "The hours of Garfield's life are numbered": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August 27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers. "The hours of Garfield's life are numbered": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August 27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers.

18 "dead and buried": Reeves, "dead and buried": Reeves, Gentleman Boss Gentleman Boss, 296.

19 "Your kindest opponents say": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August 27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers. "Your kindest opponents say": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August 27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers.

20 Over the years, he would keep: Reeves, Over the years, he would keep: Reeves, Gentleman Boss Gentleman Boss, 478.

21 "It is not the proof of highest goodness": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers. "It is not the proof of highest goodness": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers.

22 "As the President gets better": Reeves, "As the President gets better": Reeves, Gentleman Boss Gentleman Boss, 242.

23 "thoroughly aired and cleaned": Clark, "thoroughly aired and cleaned": Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 9; Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 44.

24 Soon after taking charge of the case: Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon." Soon after taking charge of the case: Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon."

25 Now, Bliss took over: "President Garfield's Case," Now, Bliss took over: "President Garfield's Case," American Observer American Observer, 494.

26 "devoting all my professional skills": D. W. Bliss, on White House stationery, August 13, 1881. "devoting all my professional skills": D. W. Bliss, on White House stationery, August 13, 1881.

27 "farther into the cavity": Reyburn, "farther into the cavity": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 46.

28 "Courage": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 29, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Courage": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 29, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

29 When Bliss's letter arrived: When Bliss's letter arrived: Boston Herald Boston Herald, quoted in Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 347; author interview with Roger Sherman, National Museum of American History.

30 "Splendid!": Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 30, 1881. "Splendid!": Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 30, 1881.