DEDICATIONS.

Some authors excelled in this species of literary artifice. The Italian Doni dedicated each of his letters in a book called _La Libraria_, to persons whose name began with the first letter of the epistle, and dedicated the whole collection in another epistle; so that the book, which only consisted of forty-five pages, was dedicated to above twenty persons. This is carrying literary mendicity pretty high. Politi, the editor of the _Martyrologium Romanum_, published at Rome in 1751, has improved on the idea of Doni; for to the 365 days of the year of this Martyrology he has prefixed to each an epistle dedicatory. It is fortunate to have a large circle of acquaintance, though they should not be worthy of being saints. Galland, the translator of the Arabian Nights, prefixed a dedication to each tale which he gave; had he finished the "one thousand and one," he would have surpa.s.sed even the Martyrologist.

Mademoiselle Scudery tells a remarkable expedient of an ingenious trader in this line--One Rangouze made a collection of letters which he printed without numbering them. By this means the bookbinder put that letter which the author ordered him first; so that all the persons to whom he presented this book, seeing their names at the head, considered they had received a particular compliment. An Italian physician, having written on Hippocrates's Aphorisms, dedicated each book of his Commentaries to one of his friends, and the index to another!

More than one of our own authors have dedications in the same spirit. It was an expedient to procure dedicatory fees: for publishing books by subscription was then an art undiscovered. One prefixed a different dedication to a certain number of printed copies, and addressed them to every great man he knew, who he thought relished a morsel of flattery, and would pay handsomely for a coa.r.s.e luxury. Sir Balthazar Gerbier, in his "Counsel to Builders," has made up half the work with forty-two dedications, which he excuses by the example of Antonio Perez; but in these dedications Perez scatters a heap of curious things, for he was a very universal genius. Perez, once secretary of state to Philip II. of Spain, dedicates his "Obras," first to "Nuestro sanctissimo Padre," and "Al Sacro Collegio," then follows one to "Henry IV.," and then one still more embracing, "A Todos." Fuller, in his "Church History," has with admirable contrivance introduced twelve t.i.tle-pages, besides the general one, and as many particular dedications, and no less than fifty or sixty of those by inscriptions which are addressed to his benefactors; a circ.u.mstance which Heylin in his severity did not overlook; for "making his work bigger by forty sheets at the least; and he was so ambitious of the number of his patrons, that having but four leaves at the end of his History, he discovers a particular benefactress to inscribe them to!"

This unlucky lady, the patroness of four leaves, Heylin compares to Roscius Regulus, who accepted the consular dignity for that part of the day on which Cecina by a decree of the senate was degraded from it, which occasioned Regulus to be ridiculed by the people all his life after, as the consul of half a day.

The price for the dedication of a play was at length fixed, from five to ten guineas from the Revolution to the time of George I., when it rose to twenty; but sometimes a bargain was to be struck when the author and the play were alike indifferent. Sometimes the party haggled about the price, or the statue while stepping into his niche would turn round on the author to a.s.sist his invention. A patron of Peter Motteux, dissatisfied with Peter's colder temperament, actually composed the superlative dedication to himself, and completed the misery of the apparent author by subscribing it with his name. This circ.u.mstance was so notorious at the time, that it occasioned a satirical dialogue between Motteux and his patron Heveningham. The patron, in his zeal to omit no possible distinction that might attach to him, had given one circ.u.mstance which no one but himself could have known.

PATRON.

I must confess I was to blame, That one particular to name; The rest could never have been known _I made the style so like thy own_.

POET.

I beg your pardon, Sir, for that.

PATRON.

Why d----e what would you be at?

I _writ below myself_, you sot!

Avoiding figures, tropes, what not; For fear I should my fancy raise _Above the level of thy plays_!

Warton notices the common practice, about the reign of Elizabeth, of an author's dedicating a work at once to a number of the n.o.bility.

Chapman's Translation of Homer has sixteen sonnets addressed to lords and ladies. Henry Lock, in a collection of two hundred religious sonnets, mingles with such heavenly works the terrestrial composition of a number of sonnets to his n.o.ble patrons; and not to multiply more instances, our great poet Spenser, in compliance with this disgraceful custom, or rather in obedience to the established tyranny of patronage, has prefixed to the Faery Queen fifteen of these adulatory pieces, which in every respect are the meanest of his compositions. At this period all men, as well as writers, looked up to the peers as if they were beings on whose smiles or frowns all sublunary good and evil depended. At a much later period, Elkanah Settle sent copies round to the chief party, for he wrote for both parties, accompanied by addresses to extort pecuniary presents in return. He had latterly one standard _Elegy_, and one _Epithalamium_, printed off with blanks, which by ingeniously filling up with the printed names of any great person who died or was married; no one who was going out of life, or was entering into it, could pa.s.s scot-free.

One of the most singular anecdotes respecting DEDICATIONS in English bibliography is that of the Polyglot Bible of Dr. Castell. Cromwell, much to his honour, patronized that great labour, and allowed the paper to be imported free of all duties, both of excise and custom. It was published under the protectorate, but many copies had not been disposed of ere Charles II. ascended the throne. Dr. Castell had dedicated the work gratefully to Oliver, by mentioning him with peculiar respect in the preface, but he wavered with Richard Cromwell. At the Restoration, he cancelled the two last leaves, and supplied their places with three others, which softened down the republican strains, and blotted Oliver's name out of the book of life! The differences in what are now called the _republican_ and the _loyal_ copies have amused the curious collectors; and the former being very scarce, are most sought after. I have seen the republican. In the _loyal_ copies the patrons of the work are mentioned, but their _t.i.tles_ are essentially changed; _Serenissimus_, _Ill.u.s.trissimus_, and _Honoratissimus_, were epithets that dared not shew themselves under the _levelling_ influence of the great fanatic republican.

It is a curious literary folly, not of an individual but of the Spanish nation, who, when the laws of Castile were reduced into a code under the reign of Alfonso X. surnamed the Wise, divided the work into _seven volumes_; that they might be dedicated to the _seven letters_ which formed the name of his majesty!

Never was a gigantic baby of adulation so crammed with the soft pap of _Dedications_ as Cardinal Richelieu. French flattery even exceeded itself.--Among the vast number of very extraordinary dedications to this man, in which the Divinity itself is disrobed of its attributes to bestow them on this miserable creature of vanity, I suspect that even the following one is not the most blasphemous he received. "Who has seen your face without being seized by those softened terrors which made the prophets shudder when G.o.d showed the beams of his glory! But as He whom they dared not to approach in the burning bush, and in the noise of thunders, appeared to them sometimes in the freshness of the zephyrs, so the softness of your august countenance dissipates at the same time, and changes into dew, the small vapours which cover its majesty." One of these herd of dedicators, after the death of Richelieu, suppressed in a second edition his hyperbolical panegyric, and as a punishment to himself, dedicated the work to Jesus Christ!

The same taste characterises our own dedications in the reigns of Charles II. and James II. The great Dryden has carried it to an excessive height; and nothing is more usual than to compare the _patron_ with the _Divinity_--and at times a fair inference may be drawn that the former was more in the author's mind than G.o.d himself! A Welsh bishop made an _apology_ to James I. for _preferring_ the Deity--to his Majesty! Dryden's extravagant dedications were the vices of the time more than of the man; they were loaded with flattery, and no disgrace was annexed to such an exercise of men's talents; the contest being who should go farthest in the most graceful way, and with the best turns of expression.

An ingenious dedication was contrived by Sir Simon Degge, who dedicated "the Parson's Counsellor" to Woods, Bishop of Lichfield. Degge highly complimented the bishop on having most n.o.bly restored the church, which had been demolished in the civil wars, and was rebuilt but left unfinished by Bishop Hacket. At the time he wrote the dedication, Woods had not turned a single stone, and it is said, that much against his will he did something, from having been so publicly reminded of it by this ironical dedication.

PHILOSOPHICAL DESCRIPTIVE POEMS.

The "BOTANIC GARDEN" once appeared to open a new route through the trodden groves of Parna.s.sus. The poet, to a prodigality of IMAGINATION, united all the minute accuracy of SCIENCE. It is a highly-repolished labour, and was in the mind and in the hand of its author for twenty years before its first publication. The excessive polish of the verse has appeared too high to be endured throughout a long composition; it is certain that, in poems of length, a versification, which is not too florid for lyrical composition, will weary by its brilliance. Darwin, inasmuch as a rich philosophical fancy const.i.tutes a poet, possesses the entire art of poetry; no one has carried the curious mechanism of verse and the artificial magic of poetical diction to a higher perfection. His volcanic head flamed with imagination, but his torpid heart slept unawakened by pa.s.sion. His standard of poetry is by much too limited; he supposes that the essence of poetry is something of which a painter can make a picture. A picturesque verse was with him a verse completely poetical. But the language of the pa.s.sions has no connexion with this principle; in truth, what he delineates as poetry itself, is but one of its provinces. Deceived by his illusive standard, he has composed a poem which is perpetually fancy, and never pa.s.sion. Hence his processional splendour fatigues, and his descriptive ingenuity comes at length to be deficient in novelty, and all the miracles of art cannot supply us with one touch of nature.

Descriptive poetry should be relieved by a skilful intermixture of pa.s.sages addressed to the heart as well as to the imagination: uniform description satiates; and has been considered as one of the inferior branches of poetry. Of this both Thomson and Goldsmith were sensible. In their beautiful descriptive poems they knew the art of animating the pictures of FANCY with the glow of SENTIMENT.

Whatever may be thought of the originality of Darwin's poem, it had been preceded by others of a congenial disposition. Brookes's poem on "Universal Beauty," published about 1735, presents us with the very model of Darwin's versification: and the Latin poem of De la Croix, in 1727, ent.i.tled "_Connubia Florum_," with his subject. There also exists a race of poems which have hitherto been confined to _one subject_, which the poet selected from the works of nature, to embellish with all the splendour of poetic imagination. I have collected some t.i.tles.

Perhaps it is Homer, in his battle of the _Frogs and Mice_, and Virgil in the poem on a _Gnat_, attributed to him, who have given birth to these lusory poems. The Jesuits, particularly when they composed in Latin verse, were partial to such subjects. There is a little poem on _Gold_, by P. Le Fevre, distinguished for its elegance; and Brumoy has given the _Art of making Gla.s.s_; in which he has described its various productions with equal felicity and knowledge. P. Vaniere has written on _Pigeons_, Du Cerceau on _b.u.t.terflies_. The success which attended these productions produced numerous imitations, of which several were favourably received. Vaniere composed three on the _Grape_, the _Vintage_, and the _Kitchen Garden_. Another poet selected _Oranges_ for his theme; others have chosen for their subjects, _Paper, Birds_, and fresh-water _Fish_. Tarillon has inflamed his imagination with _gunpowder_; a milder genius, delighted with the oaten pipe, sang of _Sheep_; one who was more pleased with another kind of pipe, has written on _Tobacco_; and a droll genius wrote a poem on _a.s.ses_. Two writers have formed didactic poems on the _Art of Enigmas_, and on _Ships_.

Others have written on moral subjects. Brumoy has painted the _Pa.s.sions_, with a variety of imagery and vivacity of description; P.

Meyer has disserted on _Anger_; Tarillon, like our Stillingfleet, on the _Art of Conversation_; and a lively writer has discussed the subjects of _Humour and Wit_.

Giannetazzi, an Italian Jesuit, celebrated for his Latin poetry, has composed two volumes of poems on _Fishing_ and _Navigation_. Fracastor has written delicately on an indelicate subject, his _Syphilis_. Le Brun wrote a delectable poem on _Sweetmeats_; another writer on _Mineral Waters_, and a third on _Printing_. Vida pleases with his _Silk-worms_, and his _Chess_; Buchanan is ingenious with the _Sphere_. Malapert has aspired to catch the _Winds_; the philosophic Huet amused himself with _Salt_ and again with _Tea_. The _Gardens_ of Rapin is a finer poem than critics generally can write; Quillet's _Callipedia_, or Art of getting handsome Children, has been translated by Rowe; and Du Fresnoy at length gratifies the connoisseur with his poem on _Painting_, by the embellishments which his verses have received from the poetic diction of Mason, and the commentary of Reynolds.

This list might be augmented with a few of our own poets, and there still remain some virgin themes which only require to be touched by the hand of a true poet. In the "Memoirs of Trevoux," they observe, in their review of the poem on _Gold_, "That poems of this kind have the advantage of instructing us very agreeably. All that has been most remarkably said on the subject is united, compressed in a luminous order, and dressed in all the agreeable graces of poetry. Such writers have no little difficulties to encounter: the style and expression cost dear; and still more to give to an arid topic an agreeable form, and to elevate the subject without falling into another extreme.--In the other kinds of poetry the matter a.s.sists and prompts genius; here we must possess an abundance to display it."

PAMPHLETS.

Myles Davis's "ICON LIBELLORUM, or a Critical History Pamphlets,"

affords some curious information; and as this is a _pamphlet_-reading age, I shall give a sketch of its contents.

The author observes: "From PAMPHLETS may be learned the genius of the age, the debates of the learned, the follies of the ignorant, the _bevues_ of government, and the mistakes of the courtiers. Pamphlets furnish beaus with their airs, coquettes with their charms. Pamphlets are as modish ornaments to gentlewomen's toilets as to gentlemen's pockets; they carry reputation of wit and learning to all that make them their companions; the poor find their account in stall-keeping and in hawking them; the rich find in them their shortest way to the secrets of church and state. There is scarce any cla.s.s of people but may think themselves interested enough to be concerned with what is published in pamphlets, either as to their private instruction, curiosity, and reputation, or to the public advantage and credit; with all which both ancient and modern pamphlets are too often over familiar and free.--In short, with pamphlets the booksellers and stationers adorn the gaiety of shop-gazing. Hence accrues to grocers, apothecaries, and chandlers, good furniture, and supplies to necessary retreats and natural occasions. In pamphlets lawyers will meet with their chicanery, physicians with their cant, divines with their Shibboleth. Pamphlets become more and more daily amus.e.m.e.nts to the curious, idle, and inquisitive; pastime to gallants and coquettes; chat to the talkative; catch-words to informers; fuel to the envious; poison to the unfortunate; balsam to the wounded; employ to the lazy; and fabulous materials to romancers and novelists."

This author sketches the origin and rise of pamphlets. He deduces them from the short writings published by the Jewish Rabbins; various little pieces at the time of the first propagation of Christianity; and notices a certain pamphlet which was pretended to have been the composition of Jesus Christ, thrown from heaven, and picked up by the archangel Michael at the entrance of Jerusalem. It was copied by the priest Leora, and sent about from priest to priest, till Pope Zachary ventured to p.r.o.nounce it a _forgery_. He notices several such extraordinary publications, many of which produced as extraordinary effects.

He proceeds in noticing the first Arian and Popish pamphlets, or rather _libels_, i. e. little books, as he distinguishes them. He relates a curious anecdote respecting the forgeries of the monks. Archbishop Usher detected in a ma.n.u.script of St. Patrick's life, pretended to have been found at Louvain, as an original of a very remote date, several pa.s.sages taken, with little alteration, from his own writings.

The following notice of our immortal Pope I cannot pa.s.s over: "Another cla.s.s of pamphlets writ by Roman Catholics is that of _Poems_, written chiefly by a Pope himself, a gentleman of that name. He pa.s.sed always amongst most of his acquaintance for what is commonly called a Whig; for it seems the Roman politics are divided as well as popish missionaries.

However, one _Esdras_, an apothecary, as he qualifies himself, has published a piping-hot pamphlet against Mr. Pope's '_Rape of the Lock_,'

which he ent.i.tles '_A Key to the Lock_,' wherewith he pretends to unlock nothing less than a _plot_ carried on by Mr. Pope in that poem against the last and this present ministry and government."

He observes on _Sermons_,--"'Tis not much to be questioned, but of all modern pamphlets what or wheresoever, the _English st.i.tched Sermons_ be the most edifying, useful, and instructive, yet they could not escape the critical Mr. Bayle's sarcasm. He says, 'Republique des Lettres,'

March, 1710, in this article _London_, 'We see here sermons swarm daily from the press. Our eyes only behold manna: are you desirous of knowing the reason? It is, that the ministers being allowed to _read_ their sermons in the pulpit, _buy all they meet with_, and take no other trouble than to read them, and thus pa.s.s for very able scholars at a very cheap rate!'"

He now begins more directly the history of pamphlets, which he branches out from four different etymologies. He says, "However foreign the word _Pamphlet_ may appear, it is a genuine English word, rarely known or adopted in any other language: its pedigree cannot well be traced higher than the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign. In its first state wretched must have been its appearance, since the great linguist John Minshew, in his '_Guide into Tongues_,' printed in 1617, gives it the most miserable character of which any libel can be capable. Mr. Minshew says (and his words were quoted by Lord Chief Justice Holt), 'A PAMPHLET, that is _Opusculum Stolidorum_, the diminutive performance of fools; from [Greek: pan], _all_, and [Greek: pletho], I _fill_, to wit, _all_ places. According to the vulgar saying, all things are full of fools, or foolish things; for such mult.i.tudes of pamphlets, unworthy of the very names of libels, being more vile than common sh.o.r.es and the filth of beggars, and being flying papers daubed over and besmeared with the foams of drunkards, are tossed far and near into the mouths and hands of scoundrels; neither will the sham oracles of Apollo be esteemed so mercenary as a Pamphlet.'"

Those who will have the word to be derived from PAM, the famous knave of LOO, do not differ much from Minshew; for the derivation of the word _Pam_ is in all probability from [Greek: pan], _all_; or the _whole_ or the _chief_ of the game.

Under this _first_ etymological notion of Pamphlets may be comprehended the _vulgar stories_ of the Nine Worthies of the World, of the Seven Champions of Christendom, Tom Thumb, Valentine and Orson, &c., as also most of apocryphal lucubrations. The greatest collection of this first sort of Pamphlets are the Rabbinic traditions in the Talmud, consisting of fourteen volumes in folio, and the Popish legends of the Lives of the Saints, which, though not finished, form fifty folio volumes, all which tracts were originally in pamphlet forms.

The _second_ idea of the _radix_ of the word _Pamphlet_ is, that it takes its derivations from [Greek: pan], _all_, and [Greek: phileo], _I love_, signifying a thing beloved by all; for a pamphlet being of a small portable bulk, and of no great price, is adapted to every one's understanding and reading. In this cla.s.s may be placed all st.i.tched books on serious subjects, the best of which fugitive pieces have been generally preserved, and even reprinted in collections of some tracts, miscellanies, sermons, poems, &c.; and, on the contrary, bulky volumes have been reduced, for the convenience of the public, into the familiar shapes of st.i.tched pamphlets. Both these methods have been thus censured by the majority of the lower house of convocation 1711. These abuses are thus represented: "They have republished, and collected into volumes, pieces written long ago on the side of infidelity. They have reprinted together in the most contracted manner, many loose and licentious pieces, in order to their being purchased more cheaply, and dispersed more easily."

The _third_ original interpretation of the word Pamphlet may be that of the learned Dr. Skinner, in his _Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae_, that it is derived from the Belgic word _Pampier_, signifying a little paper, or libel. To this third set of Pamphlets may be reduced all sorts of printed single sheets, or half sheets, or any other quant.i.ty of single paper prints, such as Declarations, Remonstrances, Proclamations, Edicts, Orders, Injunctions, Memorials, Addresses, Newspapers, &c.

The _fourth_ radical signification of the word Pamphlet is that h.o.m.ogeneal acceptation of it, viz., as it imports any little book, or small volume whatever, whether st.i.tched or bound, whether good or bad, whether serious or ludicrous. The only proper Latin term for a Pamphlet is _Libellus_, or little book. This word indeed signifies in English an _abusive_ paper or little book, and is generally taken in the worst sense.

After all this display of curious literature, the reader may smile at the guesses of Etymologists; particularly when he is reminded that the derivation of _Pamphlet_ is drawn from quite another meaning to any of the present, by Johnson, which I shall give for his immediate gratification.

PAMPHLET [_par un filet_, Fr. Whence this word is written anciently, and by Caxton, _paunflet_] a small book; properly a book sold unbound, and only st.i.tched.

The French have borrowed the word _Pamphlet_ from us, and have the goodness of not disfiguring its orthography. _Roast Beef_ is also in the same predicament. I conclude that _Pamphlets_ and _Roast Beef_ have therefore their origin in our country.