Part 7
[B] ARDINGLEY. In the parish church are several monuments of the ancient families of the Wakehursts and Culpeppers; one of which is a tomb to the memory of Nicholas Culpepper and his lady, who died in the beginning of the sixteenth century. This monument bears his portraiture with that of his wife and eighteen children. Nicholas Culpepper, the celebrated herbalist and astrologer, was born in London in 1616, and after receiving his education at the university of Cambridge, was apprenticed to an apothecary. He came to London and settled in Spitalfields about 1642. He commenced a war with the College of Physicians, by accusing them of deceit and ignorance, and published a translation of their "Dispensary," giving an account of the supposed virtues of each drug, and the complaints in which they were used. He was also author of the "Herbal," which is written with much clearness, and distinctly explained. It pa.s.sed through many editions. From the tenor of his writings, it may be gathered that he joined or at least favoured the Jesuits.
_Fair_, May 30, Pedlary.
[Sidenote: Culpepper, the herbalist and astrologer.]
[C] ARDSLEY. The birth place of James Nayler, a Quaker, who was remarkable both on account of the extravagance of the delusions which for some time possessed him and his followers, and the excessive severity of the punishment which was inflicted upon him. He was the son of an industrious little farmer, who supported his family by the cultivation of his own estate. About the age of twenty-two he married, and removed into the parish of Wakefield, where he continued till the breaking out of the civil wars in 1641. He then entered into the parliament army, and served as a soldier eight or nine years, at first under Lord Fairfax, and afterwards as quarter-master in major-general Lambert's troop in Scotland; till, being disabled by sickness, he returned home about the year 1649. At this time he was a member of the Independent party, and continued so till the year 1651, when the preaching of George Fox made him a convert to the communion of the Quakers, as they are called. Among them he soon commenced preacher, and, according to their judgment, acquitted himself well both in speaking and writing.
[Sidenote: J. Nayler, the Quaker, a remarkable fanatic;]
[Sidenote: becomes a soldier.]
In the beginning of the following year he imagined he heard a voice, calling upon him to renounce his kindred and his father's house, and go into the west, promising that G.o.d would be with him. In obedience to this voice, which he believed to be the voice of G.o.d, he went about preaching from place to place, and greatly increased the numbers of the new sect. Towards the close of the year 1654, or early in 1655, he came to London, where he found a meeting of Friends which had been established by Edward Burrough and Francis Howgill, among whom he so greatly distinguished himself by his preaching, that many drew invidious comparisons between him and his brethren, which created uneasiness and differences in the society. To such a length did these proceed, that some women, admirers of Nayler, a.s.sumed the liberty of interrupting and disputing with Howgill and Burrough in the midst of their preachings, and thus disturbed the peace of the meetings. For this conduct they were reproved by these preachers; upon which they complained so loudly and pa.s.sionately to Nayler, that he was weak enough to take their part, and was so intoxicated with their flattering praises, that he became estranged from his best friends, who strongly disapproved of and lamented his conduct. In the year 1658 we find him in Devonshire, where he was committed to Exeter jail for propagating his opinions. Here he received letters from some of his female admirers and others, written in the most extravagant strains, calling him the everlasting Son of righteous--the Prince of peace--the only begotten Son of G.o.d--the fairest among ten thousand, &c., and some of his followers kneeled before him in the prison, and kissed his feet. It is but justice, however, to the Quakers in general to mention, that they had now disowned Nayler and his adherents.
[Sidenote: Committed to Exeter Jail for blasphemy.]
Soon afterwards Nayler was released from imprisonment, and intended to return to London, but, taking Bristol in his way, as he pa.s.sed through Glas...o...b..ry and Wells, his deluded attendants strewed their garments before him. When they came to Bedminster, about a mile from Bristol, they carried their extravagance to the highest pitch; for they formed a procession in imitation of our Saviour's entrance into Jerusalem, in which a man walked bare-headed before Nayler, and a woman led his horse, while other women spread their scarfs and hankerchiefs in the road, and the company sung, "Holy, holy, holy is the Lord G.o.d of hosts; Hosanna in the highest! holy, holy is the Lord G.o.d of Israel!" In this manner these mad people made their entrance into Bristol, marching through the mire and dirt, to the amazement of some, and the diversion of others; but the magistrates thought proper to interfere, and, after what had pa.s.sed, committed them to prison. Soon afterwards they were sent to London and a committee was appointed by parliament to examine witnesses against Nayler, upon a charge of blasphemy, for admitting religious worship to be paid ti him, and for a.s.suming the names and incommunicable t.i.tles and attributes of our blessed Saviour. Before the committee, he did not deny what was alleged concerning the extraordinary proceeding in Exeter jail, and at his entrance into Bristol; while defending himself by maintaining that the honours which he received were not shown to him, but to Christ who dwelt within him; and if they were offered to any other than to Christ, he disowned them.
[Sidenote: Extravagant conduct of his admirers.]
However, the committee having made a report to the house on the fifth of December, declaring the charge well founded, on the following day he was sent for, and heard at the bar; and on the eighth they resolved that "James Nayler is guilty of horrid blasphemy, and that he is a grand impostor, and a great seducer of the people." The next business to be determined on was, the nature of the punishment to be inflicted on him; which occupied the debate of the house, both on forenoons and afternoons, till the 16th of December, many members being for putting him to death, (and losing their vote, as secretary Thurloe informs us, only by fourteen voices,) while many other members totally disapproved of the severity which was used against him. At length, on the following day, after a considerable debate, the majority came to the resolution, "That James Nayler be set in the pillory, in the Palace-yard, Westminster, during the s.p.a.ce of two hours, on Thursday next; and be whipt by the hangman through the streets from Westminster to the Old Exchange, and there likewise be set with his head in the pillory, for the s.p.a.ce of two hours, between the hours of eleven and one on Sat.u.r.day next; in each place wearing a paper, containing an inscription of his crimes: And that at the Old Exchange, his tongue be bored through with a hot iron; and that he be there also stigmatized in the forehead with the letter B: That he be afterwards sent to Bristol, and be conveyed into and through the said city on horseback, with his face backward, and there also publicly whipt the next market-day after he comes thither: And that from thence he be committed to prison in Bridewell, London, and there to labour hard till he be released by parliament; and, during that time, be debarred the use of pen, ink, and paper, and shall have no relief but what he earns by his daily labour."
[Sidenote: Condemned by the House of Commons for blasphemy.]
[Sidenote: Cruel sentence--his tongue bored with a hot iron.]
On the eighteenth of December, the first part of it was carried into execution with the greatest rigour; but he was brought into a state of such extreme weakness by his cruel whipping, that, upon repeated applications to the parliament, his punishment was respited for one week. The Protector was then addressed, and wrote a letter to the house, which, though it occasioned some debate, obtained no resolution in favour of the prisoner. On this the pet.i.tioners presented a second address to Cromwell; but, it is said the influence of the ministers prevented its effect.
[Sidenote: His punishment respited]
On the twenty-seventh of December, the remainder of Nayler's sentence was executed at the Old Exchange. Afterwards he was sent to Bristol, where he was publicly whipt, from the middle of Thomas-street, over the bridge to Broad-street. From Bristol, he was brought back to Bridewell, London, where he was confined about two years; during which his mind recovered from the frenzy which had governed it, and he felt deep humiliation and sincere repentance on account of his past conduct.
After the protector's death, Nayler was released from prison, and went to Bristol, where, in a public meeting, he made a confession of his offence and fall, in a manner so affecting as to draw tears from most of those who were present, and having afforded satisfactory evidence of his unfeigned contrition, was again received into the communion of his friends.
[Sidenote: His contrition and death.]
Nayler did not long survive his enlargement, for having left London in October 1660, with the intention of going home to his wife and children at Wakefield, he was taken ill in Huntingdonshire, where, it is said, he was robbed and left bound in a field. Whether he received any personal injury is not known, but being found towards evening by a countryman, he was carried to a friend's house, at Holm, near King's Ripon, where he expired in the month of December, when about 44 years of age. The expressions uttered by him about two hours before his death, both in justice to his name, which is so conspicuous in the history of the reveries of the human imagination, and on account of their own excellence, ought not to be omitted in the memoirs of his life.
"There is a spirit which I feel," said he, "that delights to do no evil, nor to revenge any wrong, but delights to endure all things, in hopes to enjoy its own in the end. Its hope is to outlive all wrath and contention, and to weary out all exaltation and cruelty, or whatever is of a nature contrary to itself. It sees to the end of all temptation: as it bears no evil in itself, so it conceives none in thoughts to any other. If it be betrayed, it bears it, for its ground and spring is the mercies and forgiveness of G.o.d. Its crown is meekness, its life is everlasting love unfeigned, and takes its kingdom with entreaty and not with contention, and keeps it by lowliness of mind."
His writings were collected together, and published in an octavo volume in 1716.
Map
Names of Places.
County.
Number of Miles From
+--+-----------------+---------+-------------+-------------+ 22
Ardwick chap
Lancaster
Manchester 1
Stockport 6
42
Areley, Kings pa
Worcester
Bewdley 4
Kiddermin. 5
35
Areley, Upper pa
Worcester
Bewdley 3
Kiddermin. 5
46
Argam pa
E.R. York
Bridlington 5
Hunmanby 3
45
Arkendale chap
W.R. York
Knaresboro' 3
Boro'bridge 4
+--+-----------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
Dist.
Map
Names of Places.
Number of Miles From
Lond.
Population.
+--+-----------------+-----------------------+-----+-------+ 22
Ardwick chap
Ashton 6
182
5524
42
Areley, Kings pa
Worcester 11
122
372
35
Areley, Upper pa
Stourbridge 10
131
735
46
Argam pa
Gt. Driffield 12
211
29
45
Arkendale chap
Ripley 6
203
260
+--+-----------------+-----------------------+-----+-------+
Map
Names of Places.
County.
Number of Miles From
+--+---------------------+----------+--------------+-------------+ 45
Arkengarth-Dale[A]
W.R. York
Richmond 11
Askrigg 7
14
Arkesden pa
Ess.e.x
Saff. Walden 7
Chesterford 7
23
Arkholm to & chap
Lancaster
Kirby Lonsd 5
Lancaster 10
45
Arksey pa
W.R. York
Doncaster 2
Thorne 8
9
Arlecdon pa
c.u.mberland
Whitehaven 5
Workington 7
39
Arfey pa
Warwick
Nuneaton 6
Atherstone 6
16
Arlingham pa
Gloucester
Newnham 3
Gloucester 12
11
Arlington pa
Devon
Barnstaple 6
Ilfracomb 8
15
Arlington to
Gloucester
Fairford 4
Cirencester 6
38
Arlington pa
Suss.e.x
Hailsham 4
Lewes 9
3
Arlsey[B] pa
Bedford
Baldock 4
Shefford 3
9
Armathwaite[C] chap
c.u.mberland
Carlisle 10
Kirk Oswald 5
46
Armin chap
W.R. York
Snaith 6
Howde 3
27
Armingall pa
Norfolk
Norwich 3
Bungay 12
35
Armitage[D] pa
Stafford
Rugeley 2
Abbots Brom 5
45
Armley[E] to
W.R. York
Leeds 2
Bradford 7
+--+---------------------+----------+--------------+-------------+
Dist.
Map
Names of Places.
Number of Miles From
Lond.
Population.
+--+---------------------+-------------------------+-------------+ 45
Arkengarth-Dale[A]
Reeth 3
245
1446
14
Arkesden pa
Royston 7
40
490
23
Arkholm to & chap
Burton 4
250
349
45
Arksey pa
Tickhill 8
164
1171
9
Arlecdon pa
b.u.t.termere 9
299
475
39
Arfey pa
Coleshill 6
100
270
16
Arlingham pa
Stroudwater 11
120
744
11
Arlington pa
S. Molton 12
193
235
15
Arlington to
Northleach 7
85
333
38
Arlington pa
East Bourne 7
62
727
3
Arlsey[B] pa
Hitchen 6
41
689
9
Armathwaite[C] chap
Penrith 9
292
...
46
Armin chap
Thorne 9
175
567
27
Armingall pa
Blofield 6
120
88
35
Armitage[D] pa
Lichfield 6
124
977
45
Armley[E] to
Wakefield 9
192
5159
+--+---------------------+-------------------------+-----+-------+
[A] ARKENGARTH-DALE contains lead mines, which were worked in the reign of King John, and they are still so valuable, that a few years ago the produce was estimated at 2000 tons annually; the inhabitants are chiefly miners.
[Sidenote: Valuable lead mines.]
[B] ARLSEY, or ARSLEY. This village was anciently a market town. In "Doomsday Book," (a book made by order of William the Conqueror, in which all the estates of the kingdom were registered;) its market on Wednesday is recorded, and the tolls valued at 10s. per annum. A fair was held here so long past as the year 1270; but both the market and fair have long been disused. An ancient entrenchment near the road to Baldock, called Etonbury, was probably the original site of the castle occupied by the Lords of the Manor. This castle appears to have a place of considerable strength. Amongst the ancient monuments in the church is one erected to the memory of Richard Edwards, who is called on his epitaph, the last Grand Reader of the Temple.
[Sidenote: An ancient entrenchment.]
[C] ARMATHWAITE. Near this village is a castle, situated on the of the delightful river Eden, in a deep vale; the building from its monastic gloom, appears rather to have been calculated for seclusion than security. The front has been modernized, and is built of hewn stone. Its antiquity has not been ascertained, certain it is the Skeltons resided here as early as the reign of Henry VIII. The most romantic and picturesque scenery surrounds this lovely spot. A magnificent hill throws its solemn shade on the tranquil surface of the river, here broadened into a lake like form. Amongst other grand ma.s.ses of rock is a projecting crag of a bold and grotesque form called the Cat Glent, the rendezvous of many wild inhabitants of the feline tribe; beyond these is a mill and a few sequestered cottages. From this spot the river Eden is no longer tranquil, but rushing down a cataract pours in sonorous violence over a bed of opposing rock, whose immovable crags whirl the stream into eddies as it pa.s.ses them in its fury. Near this place a nunnery was established by William Rufus, who like other profligates, "trembled amidst his impiety," and was willing enough to secure a chance of heaven, provided it could be obtained by any other means than virtuous practice. At the dissolution of Monasteries, owing to the frequent hostilities between the Scots and English, their income amounted to only 18 guineas per annum.
[Sidenote: Rendezvous of wild cats]
[Sidenote: Nunnery founded by William II.]
[D] ARMITAGE is situated on the river Soar, in the hundred of Offlow, South, including the hamlet of Handsacre. The entrance to the church is very curiously built in the Saxon style, and the chapel is separated from the nave by a handsome arch. The Grand Trunk Ca.n.a.l pa.s.ses through a very n.o.ble subterraneous cavern or tunnel, in this parish. The town received its name from having been the residence of a hermit.
[Sidenote: A remarkable tunnel.]
[E] ARMLEY. This township is in the parish of St. Patrick, and the liberty of Leeds. It is situated on the banks of the Leeds and Liverpool Ca.n.a.l, and of the river Aire, on which there are a number of mills employed in various branches of the clothing trade. An object once of great antiquarian curiosity, called Giants Hill, which was a Danish fortification, is now scarcely traceable, in consequence of its having been cut through to form the Leeds and Liverpool ca.n.a.l.
Map
Names of Places.
County.
Number of Miles From
+--+----------------------+----------+--------------+--------------+ 42
Armscott ham
Worcester
Shipston 3
Evesham 10
28
Armston ham
Northamp
Oundle 3
Thrapston 7
45
Armthorpe pa
W.R. York
Doncaster 3
Thorne 7
45
Arncliffe to & pa
W.R. York
Settle 9
Askrigg 12
31
Arncott vill
Oxford
Bicester 3
Oxford 17
12
Arne pa
Dorset
Wareham 5
Poole 5
23
Arnesby pa
Leicester
Leicester 8
Lutterworth 9
30
Arnold pa
Nottingham
Nottingham 4
Mansfield 10
16
Arreton pa
Hants
Newport 3
Ryde 6
6
Arrington[A] pa
Cambridge
Caxton 5
Cambridge 11
7
Arrow to
Chester
Great Neston 6
Liverpool 5
39
Arrow to & pa
Warwick
Alcester 1
Stratford 8
45
Arthington to
W.R. York
Otley 5
Wetherby 9
28
Arthingworth pa
Northamp
Harborough 5
Rothwell 4
9
Arthuret[B] pa
c.u.mberland
Longtown 1
Gretna Green 4
37
Arlington ti
Surrey
Guildford 1
G.o.dalming 3
38
Arundel[C] bo to & pa
Suss.e.x
Chichester 10
Bognor 7
26
Arvans, St. to & pa
Monmouth
Chepstow 3
Tintern Abb. 3
+--+----------------------+----------+--------------+--------------+
Dist.
Map
Names of Places.
Number of Miles From
Lond.
Population.
+--+----------------------+-------------------------+-----+--------+ 42
Armscott ham
Alcester 13
86
130
28
Armston ham
Peterboro' 13
77
25
45
Armthorpe pa
Bawtry 7
162
368
45
Arncliffe to & pa
Middleham 15
231
964
31
Arncott vill
Woodstock 11
54
...
12
Arne pa
Corfe Castle 5
110
171
23
Arnesby pa
Harborough 10
93
442
30
Arnold pa
Oxton 4
128
4054
16
Arreton pa
Niton 7
83
1864
6
Arrington[A] pa
Royston 11
49
254
7
Arrow to
Chester 18
200
91
39
Arrow to & pa
Henley in Ar. 8
103
466
45
Arthington to
Leeds 7
198
360
28
Arthingworth pa
Northamp 11
77
225
9
Arthuret[B] pa
Carlisle 7
310
2903
37
Arlington ti
Farnham 10
31
...
38
Arundel[C] bo to & pa
Worthing. 10
55
2803
26
Arvans, St. to & pa
Monmouth 10
138
304
+--+----------------------+-------------------------+-----+--------+
[A] ARRINGTON. This village was anciently called Ermington. It is near Lord Hardwicke's Park. At this place, in the year 1721, the skeletons of sixteen human bodies were found in digging for a water course, within two feet of the surface of the ground. Some pieces of iron much rusted, conjectured to have been pieces of swords were also found. It is supposed the skeletons were the remains of persons who had been killed in endeavouring to obtain possession of the pa.s.s over the river Cam, during the civil wars.
[Sidenote: Sixteen skeletons found here.]
[B] ARTHURET. This village is situated on a point of land which in early times was said to have been called Arthur's Head, from whence the name is derived. In this place was both born and buried, Archibald Armstrong, Jester to both King James I., and Charles I. By an incident suitable to his profession, his funeral took place on "All Fools Day," the first of April. He was banished the court for speaking too freely of Archbishop Laud's measure of introducing the Liturgy into Scotland, which had produced a considerable tumult. On the arrival of the news of these riots in England, Archy facetiously asked his grace, "Who's the fool now." The joke was bitterly resented by the prelate, who procured an order of council to banish him from the court, for speaking disrespectful words of the Archbishop of Canterbury. This parish is bounded partly by Solway Frith, and forms part of the debateable lands so celebrated in Scottish history; these lands and the celebrated Solway Moss, we shall have occasion to speak further of in the course of the work.
[Sidenote: A merry jester buried on "All Fool's Day."]
[C] ARUNDEL, is situated on the declivity of a hill, on the north bank of the river Arun, over which there is a bridge. It consists of two princ.i.p.al streets, one of which runs north and south, and the other westward from the point of the union. Many of the houses are built in the castellated style. The church, situated at the north end of the town, originally belonged to a priory of Benedictines, and is supposed to have been founded soon after the conquest of Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel. It is a handsome gothic building with transepts, from the centre of which rises a square tower, with a wooden spire. Some beautiful monuments of the Earls of Arundel may be seen; and one, more magnificent than the rest, is of alabaster, a calcareous earth, which differs from marble, in being combined not with carbonic, but with sulphuric acid. This monument is erected to the memory of Thomas Fitz-Alan, and Beatrice, his countess, a daughter of John, King of Portugal. The charter by which the town is governed, was granted by Queen Elizabeth. It formerly sent two members, but by the Reform Bill, it now sends but one; the ten pound householders are calculated at 380.
The borough comprises the parish of Arundel and the returning officer is the mayor. Here was formerly a harbour sufficient to contain vessels of one hundred tons burthen, but it has suffered great damage by the sea.
Great quant.i.ties of timber for ship building, are still shipped from this place, which has but little trade, yet it is much benefitted in summer by the numerous visitors who resort to it for sea bathing. Of the castle, which stands on the north-east side of the town, mention is first made in the will of King Alfred, who bequeathed it, with the town, to his nephew Adhelm. A popular tradition ascribes the foundation of it to Beris, "a giant of ancient times," in confirmation of which opinion a tower is still pointed out, called Beris Tower. The Conqueror gave it to his kinsman Roger de Montgomery, whom he also created Earl of Arundel, which t.i.tle belonged to three persons of this family, till Robert Bellesme was outlawed by Henry I. for the a.s.sistance he gave to that monarch's brother, Robert. The castle was then settled on Queen Adeliza, who, after the death of her royal consort, gave her hand to William de Albini, one of the most accomplished men of his age. Here the dowager-queen performed the rites of hospitality towards the Empress Maud, in the attempt of that princess to ascend the throne. The last male heir of the name of Albini, died in 1243, when the castle and manor of Arundel fell to his sister, Isabel, whose husband, John Fitz-Alan, made the castle his residence, and a.s.sumed the t.i.tle of Earl of Arundel.
The fourth in descent from him forfeited his life and estates, in the attempt to ruin the Despensers, favourites of Edward II.; but the estates were restored to his son, whose successor, in the reign of Richard II., being accused of a conspiracy to seize the king, and put to death the lords of the council, was beheaded; the king presiding at the execution. His son, Thomas Fitz-Alan, was reinstated by Henry IV.; but, he dying without issue, in 1415, the castle devolved to his cousin, Sir John Fitz-Alan, who laid claim to, and obtained the t.i.tle, on which an act was pa.s.sed, that the possession of this castle and honour conferred the dignity of Earl without creation. The last Fitz-Alan died in the 22d of Elizabeth, leaving a daughter, who married Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, thus carrying the earldom and estate into that family, to whom they still belong.
[Sidenote: Beautiful monuments in the church.]
[Sidenote: Quant.i.ties of Suss.e.x oak shipped from this place.]
[Sidenote: Tradition ascribes the foundation of the castle to a giant.]
