66 Quoted in "Operation and Effect of the Ohio Parole Law," a paper read by Warden E. C. Coffin of Ohio, printed in Quoted in "Operation and Effect of the Ohio Parole Law," a paper read by Warden E. C. Coffin of Ohio, printed in Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison a.s.s'n. Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison a.s.s'n. (held in Austin, Texas, December 1897) (1898), pp. 164-66. (held in Austin, Texas, December 1897) (1898), pp. 164-66.

67 William F. Kuntz II, William F. Kuntz II, Criminal Sentencing in Three Nineteenth-Century Cities Criminal Sentencing in Three Nineteenth-Century Cities (1988), p. 150. (1988), p. 150.

68 Kuntz, Kuntz, Criminal Sentencing Criminal Sentencing, p. 151 (quoting Gershom Powers, agent and keeper of Auburn Prison).

69 Lawrence M. Friedman, Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law A History of American Law (2d ed., 1985), p. 596. (2d ed., 1985), p. 596.

70 The Ma.s.sachusetts laws are Laws Ma.s.s. 1878, chap. 198, p. 146; Laws Ma.s.s. 1891, chap. 356, p. 920. The California law is Cal. Penal Code, sees. 1203, 1215, Laws Cal. 1903, chap. 34, pp. 34-35. The Ma.s.sachusetts laws are Laws Ma.s.s. 1878, chap. 198, p. 146; Laws Ma.s.s. 1891, chap. 356, p. 920. The California law is Cal. Penal Code, sees. 1203, 1215, Laws Cal. 1903, chap. 34, pp. 34-35.

71 Joel P. Bishop, Joel P. Bishop, Commentaries on the Criminal Law Commentaries on the Criminal Law, Vol. 1 (2d ed., 1858), pp. 323-24.

72 Margaret W. Cahalan, Margaret W. Cahalan, Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850-1984 1850-1984 (1986), p. 113, table 5.7. (1986), p. 113, table 5.7.

73 Cited in Robert H. Bremner, ed., Cited in Robert H. Bremner, ed., Children and Youth in America: A Doc.u.mentary History Children and Youth in America: A Doc.u.mentary History, Vol. 2, 1866-1932 (1971), p. 444.

74 James L. Hunt, "Law and Society in a New South Community: Durham County, North Carolina, 1898-1899," James L. Hunt, "Law and Society in a New South Community: Durham County, North Carolina, 1898-1899," North Carolina Historical Review North Carolina Historical Review 67:427, 449 (1991). 67:427, 449 (1991).

75 Laws N.Y. 1824, chap. 126 (act of March 29, 1824), see Steven L. Schlossman, Laws N.Y. 1824, chap. 126 (act of March 29, 1824), see Steven L. Schlossman, Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of "Progressive" Juvenile Justice Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of "Progressive" Juvenile Justice, 1825-1920 1825-1920 (1977), pp. 22-32. (1977), pp. 22-32.

76 Robert M. Mennel, Robert M. Mennel, Thorns and Thistles: Juvenile Delinquents in the United States Thorns and Thistles: Juvenile Delinquents in the United States, 1825-1940 1825-1940 (1973), p. 12. Mennel is the source of much of the following text. For a firsthand account of the New York House of Refuge, through rather rose-colored gla.s.ses, see Bradford Kinney Peirce, (1973), p. 12. Mennel is the source of much of the following text. For a firsthand account of the New York House of Refuge, through rather rose-colored gla.s.ses, see Bradford Kinney Peirce, A Half Century with Juvenile Delinquents A Half Century with Juvenile Delinquents (1869; reprint ed., 1969). (1869; reprint ed., 1969).

77 Gustave de Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville, Gustave de Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville, On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application in France On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application in France (1833; reprint ed., 1964), pp. 139-40. The two Frenchmen felt that the alternatives were worse. In an actual prison, young people would be thrown together with men "whom age has hardened in crime." Left alone, on the outside, their "impunity" would encourage them to "give themselves up to new disorders." (Ibid., p. 138.) (1833; reprint ed., 1964), pp. 139-40. The two Frenchmen felt that the alternatives were worse. In an actual prison, young people would be thrown together with men "whom age has hardened in crime." Left alone, on the outside, their "impunity" would encourage them to "give themselves up to new disorders." (Ibid., p. 138.) 78 Hapgood, Hapgood, Autobiography of a Thief Autobiography of a Thief, pp. 71-72.

79 Laws Ma.s.s. 1847, chap. 165, p. 405. Laws Ma.s.s. 1847, chap. 165, p. 405.

80 Laws Ma.s.s. 1855, chap. 442, p. 837. Laws Ma.s.s. 1855, chap. 442, p. 837.

81 Laws N.Y. 1875, chap. 464, p. 531. In the same year, New York authorized the incorporation of "societies for the prevention of cruelty to children" (chap. 130, p. 114). Laws N.Y. 1875, chap. 464, p. 531. In the same year, New York authorized the incorporation of "societies for the prevention of cruelty to children" (chap. 130, p. 114).

82 Mennell, Mennell, Thorns and Thistles Thorns and Thistles, p. 128.

83 125 Ill. 540 18 N.E. 183 (1888). 125 Ill. 540 18 N.E. 183 (1888).

84 San Francisco Munic.i.p.al Reports for the Fiscal Year 1888-1889, ending June 30, 1889 San Francisco Munic.i.p.al Reports for the Fiscal Year 1888-1889, ending June 30, 1889 (1889), p. 457. (1889), p. 457.

85 Anthony Platt, Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (1969), p. 120. (1969), p. 120.

86 Laws Ill. 1899, p. 131. Laws Ill. 1899, p. 131.

87 Quoted in Mennel, Quoted in Mennel, Thorns and Thistles Thorns and Thistles, p. 132.

88 Frederick H. Wines, "American Prisons in the Tenth Census," in Frederick H. Wines, "American Prisons in the Tenth Census," in Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison a.s.sociation Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison a.s.sociation, (1888), pp. 251, 254.

89 Enoch C. Wines, Enoch C. Wines, The State of Prisons and of Child-Saving Inst.i.tutions in the Civilized World The State of Prisons and of Child-Saving Inst.i.tutions in the Civilized World (1880), p. 162. (1880), p. 162.

90 Lois A. Buyon and Helen Fay Green, "Calaboose: Small-Town Lockup," Lois A. Buyon and Helen Fay Green, "Calaboose: Small-Town Lockup," Federal Probation Federal Probation, 54:58 (June 1990).

91 George W. Walling, George W. Walling, Recollections of a New York Chief of Police Recollections of a New York Chief of Police (1887), pp. 388-89. (1887), pp. 388-89.

92 Ibid., p. 390. Ibid., p. 390.

93 Ibid., p. 392. Ibid., p. 392.

94 Matthew Hale Smith, Matthew Hale Smith, Sunshine and Shadow in New York Sunshine and Shadow in New York (1880), p. 166. (1880), p. 166.

95 Walling, Walling, Recollections Recollections, pp. 396-98.

96 First Annual Report, Board of Public Charities of North Carolina, Feb. 1870 First Annual Report, Board of Public Charities of North Carolina, Feb. 1870 (1870), p. 43. (1870), p. 43.

97 Hugo Adam Bedau, Hugo Adam Bedau, The Death Penalty in America The Death Penalty in America (1982), pp. 21, 23. (1982), pp. 21, 23.

98 The account is taken from the The account is taken from the New York Times New York Times, April 20, 1878, pp. 1-2.

99 New York Times New York Times, April 19, 1878, p. 1.

100 Ibid. Ibid.

101 Quoted in August Mencken, Quoted in August Mencken, By the Neck: A Book of Hangings By the Neck: A Book of Hangings 1942), pp.83-84. 1942), pp.83-84.

102 Friedman and Percival, Friedman and Percival, Roots of Justice Roots of Justice, pp. 304-5.

103 James D. McCabe, Jr., James D. McCabe, Jr., Lights and Shadows of New York Life; or, the Sights and Sensations of the Great City Lights and Shadows of New York Life; or, the Sights and Sensations of the Great City (1872; reprint ed., 1970), pp. 233-34. (1872; reprint ed., 1970), pp. 233-34.

104 Quoted in Friedman and Percival, Quoted in Friedman and Percival, Roots of Justice Roots of Justice, pp. 305-6.

105 Bedau, Bedau, The Death Penalty The Death Penalty, p. 15.

106 Quoted in In re Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436 (1890); this case upheld the system of death by electrocution, which had been attacked as unconst.i.tutional (specifically, as cruel and unusual punishment). Quoted in In re Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436 (1890); this case upheld the system of death by electrocution, which had been attacked as unconst.i.tutional (specifically, as cruel and unusual punishment).

107 Laws N.Y. 1888, chap. 489, p. 778. Laws N.Y. 1888, chap. 489, p. 778.

108 National Police Gazette National Police Gazette, April 8, 1899, p. 6.

CHAPTER 8. LAWFUL LAW AND LAWLESS LAW: FORMS OF AMERICAN VIOLENCE.

1 Pauline Maier, "Popular Uprisings and Civil Authority in Eighteenth-Century America," Pauline Maier, "Popular Uprisings and Civil Authority in Eighteenth-Century America," William and Mary Quarterly William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series, 27:3 (1970).

2 On this point, see Ted R. Gurr, Peter N. Grabosky, and Richard C. Hula, On this point, see Ted R. Gurr, Peter N. Grabosky, and Richard C. Hula, The Politics of Crime and Conflict: A Comparative History of Four Cities The Politics of Crime and Conflict: A Comparative History of Four Cities (1977); Roger Lane, "Urbanization and Criminal Violence in the Twentieth Century: Ma.s.sachusetts as a Test Case," in H. D. Graham and Ted R. Gurr, eds., (1977); Roger Lane, "Urbanization and Criminal Violence in the Twentieth Century: Ma.s.sachusetts as a Test Case," in H. D. Graham and Ted R. Gurr, eds., Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (1969); Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival, (1969); Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870-1910 1870-1910 (1981), pp. 31-35. (1981), pp. 31-35.

3 David B. Davis, David B. Davis, Homicide in American Fiction Homicide in American Fiction, 1798-1860 1798-1860 (1957), pp. 240-42. (1957), pp. 240-42.

4 For an account of this b.l.o.o.d.y affair, see Iver Bernstein, For an account of this b.l.o.o.d.y affair, see Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots The New York City Draft Riots (1990). (1990).

5 Roger Lane, Roger Lane, Violent Death in the City: Suicide, Accident and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia Violent Death in the City: Suicide, Accident and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (1979), p. 53. (1979), p. 53.

6 John Philip Reid, John Philip Reid, Law for the Elephant: Property and Social Behavior on the Overland Trail Law for the Elephant: Property and Social Behavior on the Overland Trail (1980). (1980).

7 Richard White, Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; A New History of the American West "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; A New History of the American West (1992), p. 329. (1992), p. 329.

8 Roger D. McGrath, Roger D. McGrath, Gunfighters, Highwaymen and Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier Gunfighters, Highwaymen and Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier (1984), p. 247. See also Kevin J. Mullen, (1984), p. 247. See also Kevin J. Mullen, Let Let Justice be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco Justice be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco (1989), chap. 26. (1989), chap. 26.

9 Ibid., pp. 253, 255. Ibid., pp. 253, 255.

10 For their career, see Robert M. Coates, For their career, see Robert M. Coates, The Outlaw Years: The History of the Land Pirates of the Natchez Trace The Outlaw Years: The History of the Land Pirates of the Natchez Trace (1930; reprint ed., 1986). (1930; reprint ed., 1986).

11 Laws of the Commonwealth of Ma.s.sachusetts Laws of the Commonwealth of Ma.s.sachusetts, 1780-1800, 1780-1800, Vol. 1, (1801), pp. 193-95 (act of June 30,1784). Vol. 1, (1801), pp. 193-95 (act of June 30,1784).

12 George F. Norton's Case, George F. Norton's Case, City Hall City Hall Recorder Recorder 3:90 (New York, 1818). 3:90 (New York, 1818).

13 Quoted in Edward L. Ayers, Quoted in Edward L. Ayers, Vengeance Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth-Century American South and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth-Century American South (1984), p. 18; Michael Paul Rogin, (1984), p. 18; Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (1975), p. 58. (1975), p. 58.

14 Jack K. Williams, Jack K. Williams, Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (1980), pp. 66-67. (1980), pp. 66-67.

15 J. Winston Coleman, J. Winston Coleman, Famous Kentucky Duels Famous Kentucky Duels (1969), pp. 32-42. (1969), pp. 32-42.

16 Williams, Williams, Dueling Dueling, pp. 77-78. See also Kenneth S. Greenberg, "The Nose, the Lie, and the Duel in the Antebellum South," American Historical Review American Historical Review 95:57 (1990). 95:57 (1990).

17 Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Cla.s.s Culture in Antebellum New York City," Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Cla.s.s Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History Journal of American History 74:388, 406-9 (1987). 74:388, 406-9 (1987).

18 Milo Erwin, Milo Erwin, History of Williamson County, Illinois History of Williamson County, Illinois (1876), p. 152. See also Paul M. Angle, (1876), p. 152. See also Paul M. Angle, b.l.o.o.d.y Williamson: A Chapter in American Law lessness b.l.o.o.d.y Williamson: A Chapter in American Law lessness (1952), chap. 5. (1952), chap. 5.

19 Ayers, Ayers, Vengeance and Justice Vengeance and Justice, pp. 263-74.

20 Richard Maxwell Brown, Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (1975), pp. 95-96. (1975), pp. 95-96.

21 Jack K. Williams, "Crime and Punishment in Alabama, 1819-1840," Jack K. Williams, "Crime and Punishment in Alabama, 1819-1840," Alabama Review 6:14 Alabama Review 6:14 (1953). (1953).

22 Kevin J. Mullen, Kevin J. Mullen, Let Justice Be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco Let Justice Be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco (1989), p. 10. (1989), p. 10.

23 Robert M. Senkewicz, Robert M. Senkewicz, Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco (1985), pp. 2-3. (1985), pp. 2-3.

24 Ibid., p. 4. Ibid., p. 4.

25 Wayne Gard, Wayne Gard, Frontier Justice Frontier Justice (1949), pp. 155-56. (1949), pp. 155-56.

26 There is a large literature on the San Francisco vigilante movements. The cla.s.sic account is Hubert Bancroft, There is a large literature on the San Francisco vigilante movements. The cla.s.sic account is Hubert Bancroft, Popular Tribunals Popular Tribunals (1887), but this has to be taken with a grain of salt; Bancroft was extremely biased in favor of the vigilantes. Among recent works (in addition to Mullen, (1887), but this has to be taken with a grain of salt; Bancroft was extremely biased in favor of the vigilantes. Among recent works (in addition to Mullen, Let Justice Be Done Let Justice Be Done), see Senkewicz, Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco.

27 Doyce Blackman Nunis, ed., Doyce Blackman Nunis, ed., The San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856: Three Views The San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856: Three Views (1971), p. 31. (1971), p. 31.

28 William J. McConnell and James S. Reynolds, William J. McConnell and James S. Reynolds, Idaho's Vigilantes Idaho's Vigilantes (ed. Joyce Lindstrom, 1984), p. 42. This account was originally published in 1913. (ed. Joyce Lindstrom, 1984), p. 42. This account was originally published in 1913.

29 See Joseph M. Kelly, "Shifting Interpretations of the San Francisco Vigilantes," See Joseph M. Kelly, "Shifting Interpretations of the San Francisco Vigilantes," Journal of the West Journal of the West 24:39 (1985). 24:39 (1985).

30 Hubert H. Bancroft, Hubert H. Bancroft, Popular Tribunals Popular Tribunals (1887), Vol. 1, pp. 10, 11, 16. (1887), Vol. 1, pp. 10, 11, 16.

31 Thomas J. Dimsdale, Thomas J. Dimsdale, The Vigilantes of Montana The Vigilantes of Montana (1866; new edition, 1953), pp. 13, 15-16. (1866; new edition, 1953), pp. 13, 15-16.

32 Dimsdale, Dimsdale, Vigilantes of Montana Vigilantes of Montana, pp. 194-205. For another version of the "arrest and execution of Captain J. A. Slade," see Nathaniel Pitt Langford, Vigiliante Days and Ways: The Pioneers of the Rockies Vigiliante Days and Ways: The Pioneers of the Rockies (1890), pp. 460-61. (1890), pp. 460-61.

33 John Clay, John Clay, My Life on the Range My Life on the Range (1924; ed. Donald R. Omduff, 1962), pp. 265-66. (1924; ed. Donald R. Omduff, 1962), pp. 265-66.

34 William S. Greever, William S. Greever, The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848-1900 1848-1900 (1963), pp. 344-46. (1963), pp. 344-46.

35 Patrick B. Nolan, Patrick B. Nolan, Vigilantes on the Middle Border: A Study of Self-Appointed Law Enforcement in the States of the Upper Mississippi from 1840 to 1880 Vigilantes on the Middle Border: A Study of Self-Appointed Law Enforcement in the States of the Upper Mississippi from 1840 to 1880 (1987), pp. 109-10. (1987), pp. 109-10.

36 National Police Gazette National Police Gazette, March 18, 1885, p. 7.

37 Governor Thomas Ford, Governor Thomas Ford, A History of Illinois from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847 A History of Illinois from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847 (2 vols., ed. Milo M. Quaife, 1945), Vol. 2, p. 354. (2 vols., ed. Milo M. Quaife, 1945), Vol. 2, p. 354.

38 Senkewicz, Senkewicz, Vigilantes Vigilantes, p. 86.

39 Dimsdale, Dimsdale, Vigilantes of Montana Vigilantes of Montana, p. 13.

40 Bancroft, Bancroft, Popular Tribunals Popular Tribunals, Vol. 1, pp. 129-30. Bancroft was just as harsh on politicians: "Murderers were our congressmen, and shameless debauchees our senators. Our legislators were representatives of the sediment of society" (ibid.).

41 Clay, Clay, My Life on the Range My Life on the Range, pp. 267-68.

42 Brown, Brown, Strain of Violence, Strain of Violence, p. 108. p. 108.

43 McConnell and Reynolds, McConnell and Reynolds, Idaho's Vigilantes Idaho's Vigilantes, editor's preface, p. 1.

44 Brown, Brown, Strain of Violence Strain of Violence, p. 155.

45 Lew L. Callay, Lew L. Callay, Montana's Righteous Hangmen: The Vigilantes in Action Montana's Righteous Hangmen: The Vigilantes in Action (1982), p. 218. (1982), p. 218.

46 Anthony Comstock, Anthony Comstock, Traps for the Young Traps for the Young (ed. Robert Bremner, 1967), p. 114. The book was originally published in 1883. (ed. Robert Bremner, 1967), p. 114. The book was originally published in 1883.

47 Brown, Brown, Strain of Violence Strain of Violence, pp. 150-51.

48 On the whitecaps in this area, see Wilbur R. Miller, On the whitecaps in this area, see Wilbur R. Miller, Revenuers and Moonshiners: Enforcing Federal Liquor Law in the Mountain South Revenuers and Moonshiners: Enforcing Federal Liquor Law in the Mountain South, 1865-1900 1865-1900 (1991); see also Stephen Cresswell, (1991); see also Stephen Cresswell, Mormons Mormons, Cowboys Cowboys, Moonshiners Moonshiners, and Klansmen: Federal Law Enforcement in the South and West and Klansmen: Federal Law Enforcement in the South and West, 1870-1893 1870-1893 (1991); and William J. Holmes, "Moonshining and Collective Violence: Georgia, 1889-1895," (1991); and William J. Holmes, "Moonshining and Collective Violence: Georgia, 1889-1895,"Journal of American History 67:589 (1980). 67:589 (1980).

49 National Police Gazette National Police Gazette, Nov. 11, 1893, p. 6.

50 Eric Foner, Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 1863-1877 (1988), p. 425; on the origins of the Klan, see William Peirce Randel, (1988), p. 425; on the origins of the Klan, see William Peirce Randel, The Ku Klux Klan: A Century of Infamy The Ku Klux Klan: A Century of Infamy (1965), chap. 1; Albion W. Tourgee, "The Invisible Empire," Part II of Tourgee's (1965), chap. 1; Albion W. Tourgee, "The Invisible Empire," Part II of Tourgee's A Fool's Errand A Fool's Errand (1880). (1880).

51 Randel, Randel, The Klan The Klan, p. 266.

52 Foner, Foner, Reconstruction Reconstruction, p. 426.

53 Ibid., p. 429. Ibid., p. 429.

54 Cresswell, Cresswell, Mormons Mormons, pp. 20-21.

55 Robert J. Kaczorowski, Robert J. Kaczorowski, The Politics of The Politics of Judicial Interpretation: The Federal Courts Judicial Interpretation: The Federal Courts, Department of Justice Department of Justice, and Civil Rights and Civil Rights, 1866-1876 1866-1876 (1985), pp. 56-57. (1985), pp. 56-57.

56 Cresswell, Cresswell, Mormons Mormons, pp. 26-27, 62.