it.

{Sidenote: Schemes not copyrightable}

The scope of copyright cannot be extended to cover a business or other scheme described in a copyrighted book, as was held in 1906 in Burk _v_.

Johnson by the Circuit Court of Appeals in denying relief under copyright protection to the originator of a mutual burial a.s.sociation who copyrighted the articles of a.s.sociation.

{Sidenote: The new British code}

The new British measure defines copyright to mean "the sole right to produce or reproduce the work or any substantial part thereof in any material form whatsoever and in any language," thus a.s.suring rights of translation hitherto imperfect or doubtful; "to perform, or in the case of a lecture to deliver, the work or any substantial part thereof in public; if the work is unpublished, to publish the work"; and specifically includes the sole right of dramatization (from an "artistic," as well as other non-dramatic work), novelization, and reproduction by mechanical means (though with compulsory license provision as to reproduced music). A copyright may be a.s.signed or licensed "either wholly or partially, and either generally or subject to limitations to any particular country, and either for the whole term of the copyright or for any part thereof."

"Copyright or any similar right in any literary dramatic musical or artistic work, whether published or unpublished," is expressly denied "otherwise than under and in accordance with the provisions of this Act"

or other statutory enactment; and thus common law seems to be totally abrogated. Hitherto common law property in an unpublished work has been absolute and co-existed with statutory remedies up to publication, as was strongly upheld in 1908 in Mansell _v_. Valley Printing Co. in the English Court of Appeal. As to published works, the new code continues the settled law reiterated as late as 1910 in Monckton _v_. The Gramaphone Co., where Justice Joyce in the Chancery Division denied the common law claim of the author of a song printed with prohibition of mechanical production, on the ground that after publication there was no copyright except as given by statute.

{Sidenote: Foreign statutes}

The statutes of foreign countries are in general of similar scope, though with variations of extent and phraseology in the several countries. The broadest seems to be that of Siam, above cited, translating common law rights into statutory privilege, though that country also contradictorily limits copyright in books by a manufacturing clause. Spain specifically protects works produced or published by "any kind of impression or reproduction known now or subsequently invented," as elsewhere quoted. France specifically gives an author right to a.s.sign his property in whole or in part--a right which is probably included in other countries under the general construction of statutory rights in property.

{Sidenote: International provisions}

The international copyright convention, as modified at Berlin, does not define the scope of copyright, but insures for authors the enjoyment of such rights as the domestic laws accord to natives; but in its several articles it makes specific provision as to representation, translation, adaptation, mechanical reproduction, etc., as set forth in the chapter on international copyright conventions.

Common law, or a crude equivalent for it, as enforced by the courts, seems to extend copyright protection, in the absence of specific legislation, in Montenegro, Egypt and Liberia, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Uruguay, as formerly in Argentina.

VI

SUBJECT-MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: WHAT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED

{Sidenote: Subject-matter in general}

The subject-matter of copyright should include, in the nature of things, those products of invention, creations of the human brain, which are realized and utilized immaterially through material records, and not, as in the case of patents, materially through the material itself.

Copyrightable works, in brief, are those which appeal from the imagination to the imagination, or in which intellectual labor combines immaterial product into new form. What may be copyrighted specifically and practically depends, under present conditions of law, upon the statutory provisions, national or international, of the several nations of the world.

{Sidenote: Cla.s.sification}

The new American code gives the following cla.s.sification of copyrightable works:

"(Sec. 5.) That the application for registration shall specify to which of the following cla.s.ses the work in which copyright is claimed belongs:

"(a) Books, including composite and cyclopaedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other compilations;

"(b) Periodicals, including newspapers;

"(c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, prepared for oral delivery;

"(d) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions;

"(e) Musical compositions;

"(f) Maps;

"(g) Works of art; models or designs for works of art;

"(h) Reproductions of a work of art;

"(i) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character;

"(j) Photographs;

"(k) Prints and pictorial ill.u.s.trations:

"_Provided, nevertheless_, That the above specifications shall not be held to limit the subject-matter of copyright as defined in section four of this Act, nor shall any error in cla.s.sification invalidate or impair the copyright protection secured under this Act."

{Sidenote: Prints and labels excluded}

Prints or labels "not connected with the fine arts," but "designed to be used for any other articles of manufacture," are subject only to registration in the Patent Office in accordance with the act of June 18, 1874.

{Sidenote: All the writings of an author}

It is enacted (sec. 4): "That the works for which copyright may be secured under this Act shall include all the writings of an author,"

thus linking the phraseology of the law with the provision in the Const.i.tution of the United States in which the word "writings" is used, with the effect of construing that word by the cla.s.sification above cited.

{Sidenote: Component parts}

It is also enacted (sec. 3): "That the copyright provided by this Act shall protect all the copyrightable component parts of the work copyrighted, and all matter therein in which copyright is already subsisting, but without extending the duration or scope of such copyright. The copyright upon composite works or periodicals shall give to the proprietor thereof all the rights in respect thereto which he would have if each part were individually copyrighted under this Act."

{Sidenote: Compilations, new editions, etc.}

It is also enacted (sec. 6): "That compilations or abridgments, adaptations, arrangements, dramatizations, translations, or other versions of works in the public domain, or of copyrighted works when produced with the consent of the proprietor of the copyright in such works, or works republished with new matter, shall be regarded as new works subject to copyright under the provisions of this Act; but the publication of any such new works shall not affect the force or validity of any subsisting copyright upon the matter employed or any part thereof, or be construed to imply an exclusive right to such use of the original works, or to secure or extend copyright in such original works."

{Sidenote: Non-copyrightable works}

The provisions of the law regarding the subject-matter of copyright are completed by the negative provision:

"(Sec. 7.) That no copyright shall subsist in the original text of any work which is in the public domain, or in any work which was published in this country or any foreign country prior to the going into effect of this Act and has not been already copyrighted in the United States, or in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof: _Provided, however_, That the publication or republication by the Government, either separately or in a public doc.u.ment, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor."

{Sidenote: Government use}

It is not to be inferred from the provision as to Government publications, that the United States has itself a right to use copyright material without consent of the copyright proprietor. The sovereignty of the nation is not to transgress the rights of private property, unless in the necessary exercise of war or police powers, as the sovereign state cannot take land over which it is theoretically sovereign from a private owner except for public purposes and then only by condemnation proceedings at law and with fair remuneration to the proprietor. No right of eminent domain in respect to copyrights is a.s.serted by the United States, and the provision means only that material, otherwise copyrightable, furnished by a public officer or otherwise to the Government, becoming the property of the Government, is put freely at the service of the people.

{Sidenote: "Author" and "writing" definitions}

The const.i.tutional provision is thus given the broadest interpretation in the act. In the narrow sense the dictionaries define "author" as "one who composes or writes a _book_" (Webster), and "writing" variously as "a record made by _hand_," "a production of the _pen_," "any expression of thought in _visible_ words" (Century); "anything expressed in _letters_" (Webster, Stormonth, Standard); "a written paper," "a legal instrument" (Johnson); "a literary production" (Chambers); "forming by the hand letters or characters on paper or other suitable substance"

(Bouvier's Law Dictionary); "words made _legible_ by any device," "a doc.u.ment, whether ma.n.u.script or printed, as opposed to mere spoken words" (Rapalje and Lawrence, Law Dict.); "expression of ideas by visible letters" (Anderson's Dict. of Law). For years Ma.s.sachusetts voters cast a handwriting ballot, until the courts held that a printed ballot fulfilled the "written ballot" requirement of the Ma.s.sachusetts const.i.tution. But in the wider sense an author is "a creator, an originator" (Webster, Standard), and a writing is the record or expression of a thought or idea.

{Sidenote: Interpretation by Congress and courts}