Volume I Part 55
1. _Areometer for liquids_ LIGHTER _than_ WATER, or _Pese-esprit_.[77]
-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------- Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------- 10
10000
21
09300
32
08690
42
08202
52
07766 11
09932
22
09241
33
08639
43
08156
53
07725 12
09865
23
09183
34
08588
44
08111
54
07684 13
09799
24
09125
35
08538
45
08066
55
07643 14
09733
25
09068
36
08488
46
08022
56
07604 15
09669
26
09012
37
08439
47
07978
57
07556 16
09605
27
08957
38
08391
48
07935
58
07526 17
09542
28
08902
39
08343
49
07892
59
07487 18
09480
29
08848
40
08295
50
07849
60
07449 19
09420
30
08795
41
08249
51
07807
61
07411 20
09359
31
08742
-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+---------
[Footnote 77: These instruments were originally adjusted at the temperature of 12-1/2 Cent., or 54-1/2 Fahr. Those now made in France are adjusted at 15 C., or 59 F.; and those made in England, at either 59 or (more usually) 60 Fahr. The standard temperature of the instrument must be known for its correct application.]
2. _Areometer for liquids_ HEAVIER _than_ WATER; _Pese-acide_, or _Pese-sirop_.[78]
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
0
10000
16
11176
32
12667
47
14476
62
16889
1
10066
17
11259
33
12773
48
14615
63
17079
2
10133
18
11343
34
12881
49
14758
64
17273
3
10201
19
11428
35
12992
50
14902
65
17471
4
10270
20
11515
36
13103
51
15051
66
17674
5
10340
21
11603
37
13217
52
15200
67
17882
6
10411
22
11692
38
13333
53
15353
68
18095
7
10483
23
11783
39
13451
54
15510
69
18313
8
10556
24
11875
40
13571
55
15671
70
18537
9
10630
25
11968
41
13694
56
15833
71
18765
10
10704
26
12063
42
13818
57
16000
72
19000
11
10780
27
12160
43
13945
58
16170
73
19241
12
10857
28
12258
44
14074
59
16344
74
19487
13
10935
29
12358
45
14206
60
16522
75
19740
14
11014
30
12459
46
14339
61
16705
76
20000
15
11095
31
12562
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
II.--_Corresponding_ SPECIFIC GRAVITIES _and_ DEGREES _of_ BAUMe'S AREOMETER _for heavy liquids_.[78] From the Batavian Pharmacopia.
[Footnote 78: See footnote on previous page.]
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Degrees
Specific
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
Baume.
Gravity.
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
0
1000
16
1125
32
1286
47
1485
62
1758
1
1007
17
1134
33
1298
48
1501
63
1779
2
1014
18
1143
34
1309
49
1516
64
1801
3
1022
19
1152
35
1321
50
1532
65
1823
4
1029
20
1161
36
1334
51
1549
66
1847
5
1036
21
1171
37
1346
52
1566
67
1872
6
1044
22
1180
38
1359
53
1583
68
1897
7
1052
23
1190
39
1372
54
1601
69
1921
8
1060
24
1199
40
1384
55
1618
70
1946
9
1067
25
1210
41
1398
56
1637
71
1974
10
1075
26
1221
42
1412
57
1656
72
2000
11
1083
27
1231
43
1426
58
1676
73
2031
12
1091
28
1242
44
1440
59
1695
74
2059
13
1100
29
1252
45
1454
60
1715
75
2087
14
1108
30
1261
46
1470
61
1738
76
2116
15
1116
31
1275
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
=AREOM'ETRY.= _Syn._ AREOME'TRIA, L.; AReOMeTRIE, Fr. The art or operation of ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids, and hence also their strength or commercial value; hydrometry. See AREOMETER (_above_), HYDROMETRY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, &c.
=ARE'CINA.= C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4}. An alkaloid discovered by Pelletier and Comol, in white cinchona bark from Areca. It is extracted from the bark by the same process as Quinine, viz., by boiling the bark with acidulated water, treating the liquor with lime, and digesting the lime-precipitate in alcohol. The solution filtered at the boiling heat yields a very dark-coloured liquid, which, after a time, deposits the greater part of the aricine in crystals. An additional quant.i.ty may be obtained from the mother-liquor by expelling the alcohol by distillation, treating the residue with a slight excess of hydrochloric acid, separating the greater part of the colouring matter by means of a saturated solution of common salts, then throwing down the aricine by ammonia, dissolving the precipitate in alcohol, decolourising with animal charcoal and crystallising.
=ARGAMONE MEXICANA= (nat. order PAPAVERACEae). A tropical American plant, now a common weed growing in almost every part of India. A fixed oil is obtained from the seeds by expression, which has long been employed as an aperient in the West Indies. In half-drachm doses it is said to act as a gentle aperient, and at the same time it allays, apparently by its sedative qualities, the pain in colic. The smallness of the dose, and the mildness of its operation, commend it to the notice of the medical pract.i.tioner. Its efficiency is impaired by keeping, the freshly prepared oil proving more active and uniform in its action than that which has been long on hand. It is reported to exercise a well-marked and soothing influence when applied to herpetic eruptions and other forms of skin disease. By the natives of India the expressed yellow glutinous juice of the plant is held in high repute as a local application to indolent and foul ulcers.
=ARGENT'INE= (-in). _Syn._ ARGENTI'NUS, L.; ARGENTIN, Fr.; SILBERFARBEN, &c., Ger. Silver-like; pertaining to, resembling, or sounding like silver; argental.
=Ar'gentine.= (-tin). [Eng., Fr.] German silver*. In _mineralogy_, nacreous carbonate of lime, from its whiteness and silvery l.u.s.tre.
=ARGENT'UM.= [L.] Silver. In _old chemistry_ and _pharmacy_, ARGENTUM, FUGITI"VUM, A. MO'BILE (-il-e), was quicksilver; A. MOR'TUUM, dead silver, grain-s; A. MUSI'VUM, mosaic s., silver-bronze; A. NITRA'TUM, lunar caustic; A. VI'VUM, quicksilver; A. ZOoTIN'Ic.u.m, cyanide of silver; &c.
=AR'GIL= (jil). _Syn._ ARGIL'LA, L.; ARGILE, Fr. Clay or potter's earth.
=ARGILLA'CEOUS= (-jil-). _Syn._ ARGILLA'CEUS, L.; ARGILLEUX, Fr.; THONIG, THONARTIG, Ger. Clayey; pertaining to, containing, or of the nature of clay or argil. In _agriculture_, an epithet of soils (ARGILLACEOUS SOILS) of which clay is the princ.i.p.al or characteristic ingredient.
=Argil'lo-arena'ceous= (-jil-). In _agr._, consisting chiefly of clay and sand.
=Argillo-calca"reous.= In _agr._, consisting chiefly of clay and chalk.
=AR'GOL.= _Syn._ ARGAL*; TAR'TARUS CRU'DUS, L.; TARTRE BRUT, Fr.; WEINSTEIN, Ger. Crude bitartrate of potash, as deposited by wine. That from red wine is RED ARGOL; that from white wine, WHITE ARGOL. See TARTAR.
=ARM'ATURE= (-a-ture). _Syn._ ARMATU"RA, L. In _magnetism_, a piece of soft iron used to connect the poles of a horseshoe magnet, for the purpose of preventing loss of power.
=AR'NICA.= [L., Fr., Eng.] _Syn._ ARNIQUE, Fr.; ARNIKA, WOLVERLEI, Ger. In _botany_, a genus of plants of the nat. ord. Compositae (DC.). In the Ph.
U. S., arnica montana (see _below_).
=Arnica Monta'na.= [L.; Linn.] _Syn._ ARNICA, MOUN'TAIN A., M. TOBAC'CO, GERMAN LEOP'ARD'S BANE; PANACE'A LAPSO"RUM*, L. ARNIQUE, A. DES MONTAGNES, TABAC DES SAVOYARDS ET DES VOSGES, Fr.; ARNIKA, FALKRAUT, &c., Ger. _Hab._ Meadows of the cooler parts of Europe, North America, and Siberia. It is now cultivated in our gardens. Flowers (ARNICA, Ph. U. S., Castr. Ruth., and Bor.) and leaves, diaph.o.r.etic, diuretic, stimulant, and narcotic; in large doses emetic and purgative; root discutient; whole herb diaph.o.r.etic, stimulant, and nervine.
_Prop., &c._ Arnica acts as an energetic stimulant on the cerebro-spinal system, and as an irritant on the stomach and bowels. It is much employed on the Continent, and is given in a great variety of diseases--amaurosis, chlorosis, convulsions, diarrha, dysentery, gout, paralysis, rheumatism, &c. It is much used in Germany, instead of bark, in intermittents, putrid fevers, and gangrene. In France it is commonly employed as an excito-tonic in paralysis. It has been greatly extolled, as a restorative, and in bruises and injuries from falls. The Savoyards and inhabitants of the Vosges both smoke and 'snuff' the leaves. In England it is little used except by h.o.m.opaths. It is said that no animal but the goat will eat this plant. (Thomson.) Its noxious properties chiefly depend on the presence of cytisine.--_Dose._ Flowers, 5 to 10 gr., in powder, with syrup or honey; root, 10 to 20 gr. It is most conveniently administered under the form of infusion or tincture. Severe abdominal pains and vertigo, and even teta.n.u.s and death, have followed excessive doses.
_Obs._ According to Dupuytren, the emetic action of infusion of arnica depends on minute particles of the down of the plant which remain suspended in it, and which may be removed by filtration. See INFUSIONS, TINCTURES, &c.
=ARNATT'O, Arnott'o.= See ANNOTTA.
=AR'NICINE= (seen). This name has been applied to two substances--the one discovered by Pfaff; the other by Bastick:--
=Arnicine= (of Pfaff). The resinous matter extracted by alcohol from the roots and flowers of mountain arnica, and in which their acridity appears to reside.
=Arnicine= (of Bastick). _Syn._ ARNICI'NA, ARNICI"A (nish'-y'a), L.
_Prep._ 1. (Bastick.) From the flowers, by a similar process to that by which he obtains lobelina. 2. From the flowers (or root), as directed under ARICINA.
_Prop., &c._ Bitter; acrid; crystallisable scarcely soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether; forms salts with the acids, the hydrochlorate and one or two others being crystallisable. Its physiological properties and dose have not as yet been accurately determined.
=ARO'MA.= [L.] _Syn._ AROME, Fr.; AROM, GERUCHSTOFF, Ger. The characteristic odour of substances, particularly the peculiar quality of plants, and of substances derived from them, which const.i.tutes their fragrance.
=AROMA'TA.= [L.] See AROMATIC.
=AROMAT'IC.= _Syn._ AROMAT'ICUS, L.; AROMATIQUE, Fr.; GEWuRZHAFT, Ger.
Fragrant; odoriferous; spicy; applied chiefly to plants and their products (AROMATICS, A. PLANTS; AROMAT'A, AROMAT'ICA, L.; AROMATIQUES, ePICES, Fr.; GEWURZ, Ger.) characterised by their spicy odour or aroma, and warm pungent flavour, and of which allspice, cinnamon, cloves, lavender, pepper, rosemary, sage, &c., are well-known examples. They are all stimulant, carminative, and antiseptic; and from remote antiquity have been regarded as prophylactic and disinfectant.
=Aromatic.= In _medicine_, _pharmacy_, _perfumery_, &c., applied to substances, simple or compound, characterised by an agreeable odour or carminative properties, or both; as aromatic confection, a. pastilles, a.
vinegar, a. bark (CORTEX AROMATICUS, white canella), &c.
=AROMATIC SULPHUR-SOAP= (Ed. Heger). For cleansing the teeth and mouth. A hard sulphur-coloured soap externally; on cutting, greyish-brown. Composed of soap with 10 per cent. of hyposulphite of soda, perfumed with a scent resembling oil of balm. (Hager.)
=AROMATIQUE= (Albin Muller, Brunn). Spirit (90 per cent.), 50 grms.; sugar, 45 grms.; extractive matter, 4 grms. (composed of cinnamon, cloves, galangal, zedoary, angelica, anise); water, 81 grms. Sold in wine-bottle-shaped bottles, and recommended for all derangements of the digestive organs. (Hager.)
=ARQUEBUSADE'= (ar-ke-boo-zade'). [Fr.] Primarily, the shot of an arquebuse; but afterwards applied to an aromatic spirit (EAU D'ARQUEBUSADE, Fr.), originally employed as an application to gunshot (arquebuse) wounds.
=AR'RACK= (_Syn._ RACK) (arrack'--Brande). [Ind.] _Syn._ ARAC, ARACK, RACK--; PALM-SPIRIT; AR'AC'CA, SPIR'ITUS PAL'Mae, S. SUC'CI P., S. ORY'Zae*, L.; ARACK, Fr.; Arak, Ger. A spirituous liquor imported from the East Indies. The finer qualities are distilled from the fermented juice (toddy, palm-wine) of the cocoa-nut tree, palmyra tree, and other palms; and the other kinds, from the infusion of unhusked rice (rice-beer), fermented with cocoa-nut or palm-juice, either with or without the addition of coa.r.s.e sugar or jaggery.
_Prop., &c._ It is colourless or nearly so, but like other spirit, when long kept in wood, gradually acquires a slight tinge, similar to that of old Hollands. The best kinds, when of sufficient age, are pleasant flavoured, and are probably as wholesome as the other spirits of commerce; but common arrack has a strong and somewhat nauseous flavour and odour, depending on the presence of volatile oil derived from the rice, and corresponding to that of corn-spirit. The inferior qualities are hence more heating and apt to disagree with the stomach than the other commercial spirits. In this country it is chiefly used to make punch. When sliced pine-apples are put into good arrack, and the spirit kept for some time, it mellows down and acquires a most delicious flavour, and is thought by many to be then unrivalled for making 'nectarial punch' or 'rack-punch.'
_Obs._ Batavian arrack is most esteemed; then that of Madras; and next that of China. Others are regarded as inferior. The common par'iah arrack is generally narcotic, very intoxicating, and unwholesome; being commonly prepared from coa.r.s.e jaggery, spoilt toddy, refuse rice, &c., and rendered more intoxicating by the addition of hemp-leaves, poppy-heads, juice of stramonium, and other deleterious substances.
=Arrack, Facti"tious.= _Syn._ MOCK AR'RACK, BRIT'ISH A.; VAUXHALL'NEC'TAR; &c. _Prep._ Good old Jamaica rum (uncoloured), rectified spirit (54 to 56 o. p.; clean flavoured), and water, of each 1 quart; flowers of benzoin, 1 dr.; sliced pine-apple, 1/4 oz. (or essence of pine-apple, 1/2 teaspoonful); digest, with occasional agitation, for a fortnight; then add of skimmed milk 1 wine-gla.s.sful; agitate well for 15 minutes, and in a few days decant the clear portion.
The crude Indian arrack, when subjected to distillation until it has a sp.
gr. 920, is employed in India, as proof spirit, in the preparation of official tinctures, and for other pharmaceutical purposes. A very useful stimulating application, known in India as toddy poultice, and intended as a subst.i.tute for yeast poultice, is prepared by adding freshly drawn toddy to rice flour, till it has the consistence of a soft poultice, and subjecting this to heat over a gentle fire, stirring constantly till fermentation commences.
The light brown cotton-like substance from the outside of the base of the fronds belonging to the Palmyra palm is employed by the Cyngalese doctors as a styptic for stopping the haemorrhage of superficial wounds.
=AR'ROW-ROOT.= The common name of _maran'ta arundina'cea_ (Linn.; _m.
Indi'ca_--Tuss.); a plant of the nat. ord. Marantaceae (Lindl.; Cannaceae--Endl.). It was originally brought from the island of Dominica to Barbadoes, by Col. James Walker. It has since been extensively cultivated in the West Indies.
_Tubers_ yield true ARROW-ROOT; when fresh and good they contain about 26% of starch, of which 23% may be obtained as arrow-root, and the rest by boiling.
=Arrow-root.= _Syn._ MARAN'TA, AM'YLUM MARAN'Tae, FaeC'ULA M., L.; RACINE FLeCHIeRE, PIVOT, Fr.; PFEILWURZ, P.-SATZMEHL, Ger. The starch or fecula obtained from the rhizoma or tubers of _maran'ta arundina'cea_ (Linn.; see _above_), and which forms the true 'arrow-root' of commerce.
_Prep._ The fecula is extracted from the tubers when they are about 10 or 12 months old, by a process similar to that by which the farina is obtained from potatoes. In Bermuda the tubers, after being washed, are deprived of their paper-like scales and every discoloured and defective part by hand; they are then again washed and drained, and next subjected to the action of a wheel-rasp, the starch being washed from the comminuted tubers with rain-water; the milky liquid is pa.s.sed through a hair sieve, or a coa.r.s.e cloth, and allowed to deposit its fecula. This is then allowed to drain, after which it is again carefully washed with clean water, again drained, and, after being thoroughly dried in the air or sun, is at once packed for market. (Cogswell.) In St. Vincent (on the Hopewell Estate), a cylindrical crushing-mill, tinned-copper washing machines, and German-silver palettes and shovels are employed; whilst the drying is effected in extensive sheds, under white gauze, to exclude insects. In Jamaica the washed tubers are generally pulped in deep wooden mortars; machinery being seldom employed in any part of the process.
