2. To give a colour which either makes the article more pleasing to the eye, or else disguises an inferior one, _e.g._, Prussian blue, black lead, &c., to green teas; annatto to cheese, &c.; a.r.s.enite of copper to sweetmeats, &c.

3. Subst.i.tutions of a cheaper form of the article, or the same substance from which the strength has been extracted put in the place of the real, _e.g._, tea mixed with spent leaves, &c.

4. A very small cla.s.s where the adulteration is really added with no fraudulent intent, but to enhance the quality of the goods sold--alum to bread in small quant.i.ties.

The following, according to Blyth ('Dic. of Hygiene'), is a list of articles most commonly adulterated, with the names of the substances used in their sophistication:--

ACONITIA with other alkaloids, _e.g._, delphinia, aconella, &c.

ALE, common salt, _Cocculus indicus_, grains of paradise, qua.s.sia, and other bitters, sulphate of iron, alum, &c.

ALLSPICE, mustard husks.

ANCHOVIES, other fish, and colouring matters, _e.g._, Armenian bole, Venetian red, &c.

ANNATTO, all sorts of starch, soap, red ferruginous earths, carbonate and sulphate of lime, salts, &c.

ARROWROOT, various other fecula, such as sago, tapioca, potato, and others.

BALSAM OF COPAIBA, turpentine and fixed oils.

BEEF (POTTED), Armenian bole.

BIs.m.u.tH, carbonate of lead, sometimes a.r.s.enic (this latter is an impurity not intentional).

BLOATERS (POTTED), Armenian bole.

BRANDY, water, burnt sugar, &c.

BREAD, potatoes (mashed), alum, inferior flour, &c., &c.

b.u.t.tER, water, salt, colouring matter, lard, tallow, and other fats.

CAJUPUT OIL, copper, camphor dissolved in oil of rosemary, and coloured with copper as a subst.i.tute.

CALAMINE, coloured sulphate of baryta.

CALOMEL, sulphate of baryta, chalk, white precipitate, white lead, pipe-clay, &c., &c.

CALUMBA, tinged bryony root, root of _Frasera Walteri_, and others.

CAMBOGE, starch, &c.

CAMPHOR, a subst.i.tution of Borneo camphor has been made.

CANTHARIDES, golden beetle, artificially coloured gla.s.s, &c.

CARBONATE OF LEAD, sulphate of baryta, sulphate of lead, chalk, &c., &c.

CARMINE (COCHINEAL), sulphate of baryta, bone black, &c.

Ca.s.sIA (SENNA), leaves of _Solenostemma argel_, and other foreign leaves.

CASTOR OIL, other oils, often small quant.i.ties of croton oil.

CAYENNE, ground rice, vermilion, Venetian red, turmeric.

CHAMPAGNE, gooseberry and other wines as subst.i.tutes, different colouring matters, &c.

CHEESE, annatto, bole (Armenian), and other colouring matters.

CHICORY, colouring matters, such as ferruginous earths, and burnt sugar, Venetian red, &c., and different flours, such as wheat, rye, beans, &c., and sometimes sawdust.

CIDER, lead (as an impurity, not intentional).

CIGARS, subst.i.tutions of hay and other rubbish, inferior tobacco, leaves sometimes darkened by some brown vegetable dye.

CINNAMON, ca.s.sia, clove stalks, and different flowers.

CLARET, brandy, and subst.i.tution of inferior wines.

CLOVES, clove stalks.

COCOA AND CHOCOLATE, cheaper kinds of arrow-root, such as _Tous les mois_ and East Indian, animal matter, corn, sago, tapioca, &c.

COFFEE, chicory, roasted wheat, rye flowers, and colouring matters, such as burnt sugar, &c.

COD-LIVER OIL, other oils mixed with it.

COLOCYNTH (COMPOUND EXTRACT OF), the extract is not unfrequently made with the pulp and seeds.

CONFECTIONERY, injurious colouring matters, such as a.r.s.enite of copper, chromate of lead, &c.

CONFECTION, AROMATIC (AROMATIC CHALK POWDER), expensive ingredients omitted, turmeric subst.i.tuted for saffron, &c., &c.

COPAL, gum dammar, resin, &c.

CURRY-POWDER, red lead, ground rice, salt.

CUSPARIA BARK, the bark of _Strychnos Nux Vomica_ is said to have been subst.i.tuted.

CUSTARD AND EGG POWDER, turmeric, chrome yellow, and different flours.

ELATERIUM, starch, flour, chalk, &c.

EPSOM SALTS, chloride magnesium, chalk, &c.

ETHER, alcohol.

FLOUR, other and inferior flours, as the flour from rice, bean, Indian corn, potato, &c., sulphate of lime, alum.

GELATINE, salt and sugar.

GIN, water, sugar, capsic.u.m, flavouring matters of different kinds, turpentine, alum, tartar.

GINGER, turmeric, and husks of mustard, flour from wheat, sago, &c.

GUAIAc.u.m RESIN, other resins.

HONEY, flour, cane sugar, &c.

HOPS, _Cocculus indicus_, grains of paradise, &c., &c.

IODIDE OF POTa.s.sIUM, water, carbonate of potash, chlorides of soda and potash, iodate of potash, iodine, &c.

IODINE, water, plumbago, charcoal, black oxide of manganese, &c.

IPECAQUANHA, other roots, extraneous woody fibre; when in powder, chalk, flour, &c., have been added.

ISINGLa.s.s, gelatine.

JALAP, raspings of guaiac.u.m, false jalap root, &c.

LARD, carbonate of soda, salt, potato, flour, and lime.

LEMON JUICE, a mixture of sugar and water, acidulated with sulphuric acid, has been subst.i.tuted.

LIQUORICE, rice, chalk, gelatine, and different flours.

MAGNESIA, MAGNESIA SULPHATE, lime, carbonate of magnesia.

MAGNESIA, CARBONATE, lime, sulphate, &c., &c.

MARMALADE, apple, or turnip pulp.

MERCURY, lead, tin, zinc, bis.m.u.th, &c.

MERCURY GREEN IODIDE OF, red iodide of MERCURY RED OXIDE OF, brick-dust, red lead, &c.

MERCURY AMMONIATED (WHITE PRECIPITATE), chalk, carbonate of lead, plaster of Paris, &c., &c.

MILK, water.

MUSTARD, turmeric, wheat flour.

MYRRH, gum bdellium, and other gum resins.

OATMEAL, barley flour, rubble.

OPIUM, stones, sand, clay, vegetable extracts, sugar, treacle, water, &c.

PAREIRA ROOT, different roots subst.i.tuted.

PEPPER, linseed meal, different flours, mustard husks, &c.

PICKLES, salts of copper, acetate of copper.

PORTER AND STOUT, sugar, treacle, water and salt.

POTASH, carbonate, sulphate, and chloride of potash, lime, iron, and alumina.

POTASH, ACETATE OF, sulphates, and chlorides of potash.

POTASH, CARBONATE OF, sulphates, and chlorides of potash.

POTASH, BICARBONATE OF, carbonate of potash.

POTASH, CITRATE OF, sulphates of potash.

POTASH, CHLORATE OF, chloride of pota.s.sium.

POTASH, TARTRATE OF, tartrate of lime.

POTASH, NITRATE OF, sulphate or chloride of pota.s.sium.

PRESERVES, salts of copper.

QUININE, sulphate of lime, chalk, magnesia, cane-sugar, sulphate of cinchonine, &c.

RHUBARB, turmeric, and inferior varieties subst.i.tuted for Turkey.

RUM, water, cayenne, burnt sugar.

SAGO, potato flour.

SAUCE, treacle, salt, cochineal, Armenian bole, and other colouring matters.

SCAMMONY, chalk, starch, guaiac.u.m, jalap, dextrin, &c.

SENEGA, guiseng, gillenia.