2. Kt - K 5 P - R 6 3. Kt - B 6 P - R 7 4. Kt - Kt 5 P - R 8 (Q) 5. Kt - B 7 mate

The reason for this peculiarity in chess is evident.

_White with the two Knights can only stalemate the King, unless Black has a p.a.w.n which can be moved._

EXAMPLE 30.--Although he is a Bishop and a p.a.w.n ahead the following position cannot be won by White.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

It is the greatest weakness of the Bishop, that when the Rook's p.a.w.n Queens on a square of opposite colour and the opposing King is in front of the p.a.w.n, the Bishop is absolutely worthless. All that Black has to do is to keep moving his King close to the corner square. {52}

[Ill.u.s.tration]

EXAMPLE 31.--In the above position White with or without the move can win.

Take the most difficult variation.

1. ........ K - R 7 2. Kt - Kt 4 ch K - R 8 3. K - B 1 P - Kt 4 4. K - B 2 P - R 7 5. Kt - K 3 P - Kt 5 6. Kt - B 1 P - Kt 6 ch 7. Kt P mate

Now that we have seen these exceptional cases, we can a.n.a.lyse the different merits and the relative value of the Knight and the Bishop.

It is generally thought by amateurs that the Knight is the more valuable piece of the two, the chief reason being that, unlike the Bishop, the Knight can command both Black and White squares. However, the fact is generally overlooked that the Knight, at any one time, {53} has the choice of one colour only. It takes much longer to bring a Knight from one wing to the other. Also, as shown in the following Example, a Bishop can stalemate a Knight; a compliment which the Knight is unable to return.

EXAMPLE 32.

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The weaker the player the more terrible the Knight is to him, but as a player increases in strength the value of the Bishop becomes more evident to him, and of course there is, or should be, a corresponding decrease in his estimation of the value of the Knight as compared to the Bishop. In this respect, as in many others, the masters of to-day are far ahead of the masters of former generations. While not so long ago some of the very best amongst them, like Pillsbury and Tchigorin, preferred Knights to Bishops, there is hardly a master of to-day who would not completely agree with the statements made above. {54}

EXAMPLE 33.--This is about the only case when the Knight is more valuable than the Bishop.

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It is what is called a "_block position_," and all the p.a.w.ns are on one side of the board. (If there were p.a.w.ns on both sides of the board there would be no advantage in having a Knight.) In such a position Black has excellent chances of winning. Of course, there is an extra source of weakness for White in having his p.a.w.ns on the same colour-squares as his Bishop. This is a mistake often made by players. The proper way, generally, in an ending, is to have your p.a.w.ns on squares of opposite colour to that of your own Bishop. When you have your p.a.w.ns on squares of the same colour the action of your own Bishop is limited by them, and consequently the value of the Bishop is diminished, since the value of a piece can often be measured by the number of squares it commands. While on this subject, I shall also call attention to the {55} fact that it is generally preferable to keep your p.a.w.ns on squares of the same colour as that of the opposing Bishop, particularly if they are pa.s.sed p.a.w.ns supported by the King. The principles might be stated thus:

_When the opponent has a Bishop, keep your p.a.w.ns on squares of the same colour as your opponent's Bishop._

_Whenever you have a Bishop, whether the opponent has also one or not, keep your p.a.w.ns on squares of the opposite colour to that of your own Bishop._

Naturally, these principles have sometimes to be modified to suit the exigencies of the position.

EXAMPLE 34.--In the following position the p.a.w.ns are on one side of the board, and there is no advantage in having either a Knight or a Bishop. The game should surely end in a draw.

[Ill.u.s.tration] {56}

EXAMPLE 35.--Now let us add three p.a.w.ns on each side to the above position, so that there are p.a.w.ns on both sides of the board.

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It is now preferable to have the Bishop, though the position, if properly played out, should end in a draw. The advantage of having the Bishop lies as much in its ability to command, at long range, both sides of the board from a central position as in its ability to move quickly from one side of the board to the other.

[Ill.u.s.tration] {57}

EXAMPLE 36.--In the above position it is unquestionably an advantage to have the Bishop, because, although each player has the same number of p.a.w.ns, they are not balanced on each side of the board. Thus, on the King's side, White has three to two, while on the Queen's side it is Black that has three to two. Still, with proper play, the game should end in a draw, though White has somewhat better chances.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

EXAMPLE 37.--Here is a position in which to have the Bishop is a decided advantage, since not only are there p.a.w.ns on both sides of the board, but there is a pa.s.sed p.a.w.n (K R P for White, Q R P for Black). Black should have extreme difficulty in drawing this position, if he can do it at all.

{58}

EXAMPLE 38.--Again Black would have great difficulty in drawing this position.

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The student should carefully consider these positions. I hope that the many examples will help him to understand, in their true value, the relative merits of the Knight and Bishop. As to the general method of procedure, a teacher, or practical experience, will be best. I might say generally, however, that the proper course in these endings, as in all similar endings, is: Advance of the King to the centre of the board or towards the pa.s.sed p.a.w.ns, or p.a.w.ns that are susceptible of being attacked, and rapid advance of the pa.s.sed p.a.w.n or p.a.w.ns as far as is consistent with their safety.

To give a fixed line of play would be folly. Each ending is different, and requires different handling, according to what the adversary proposes to do. Calculation by visualising the future positions is what will count.

{59}

15. HOW TO MATE WITH A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP

Now, before going back again to the middle-game and the openings, let us see how to mate with Knight and Bishop, and, then, how to win with a Queen against a Rook.

With a Knight and a Bishop _the mate can only be given in the corners of the same colour as the Bishop_.

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EXAMPLE 39.--In this example we must mate either at Q R 1 or K R 8. The ending can be divided into two parts. Part one consists in driving the Black King to the last line. We might begin, as is generally done in all such cases, by advancing the King to the centre of the board:

1. K - K 2 K - Q 2

Black, in order to make it more difficult, goes towards the white-squared corner:

2. K - Q 3 K - B 3 3. B - B 4 K - Q 4 {60} 4. Kt - K 2 K - B 4 5. Kt - B 3 K - Kt 5 6. K - Q 4 K - R 4 7. K - B 5 K - R 3 8. K - B 6 K - R 2 9. Kt - Q 5 K - R 1

The first part is now over; the Black King is in the white-squared corner.

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The second and last part will consist in driving the Black King now from Q R 8 to Q R 1 or K R 8 in order to mate him. Q R 1 will be the quickest in this position.

10. Kt - Kt 6 ch K - R 2 11. B - B 7 K - R 3 12. B - Kt 8 K - R 4 13. Kt - Q 5 K - R 5

Black tries to make for K R 1 with his King. White has two ways to prevent that, one by 14 B - K 5, {61} K - Kt 6; 15 Kt - K 3, and the other which I give as the text, and which I consider better for the student to learn, because it is more methodical and more in accord with the spirit of all these endings, _by using the King as much as possible_.

14. K - B 5 ! K - Kt 6 15. Kt - Kt 4 K - B 6 16. B - B 4 K - Kt 6 17. B - K 5 K - R 5 18. K - B 4 K - R 4 19. B - B 7 ch K - R 5 20. Kt - Q 3 K - R 6 21. B - Kt 6 K - R 5 22. Kt - Kt 2 ch K - R 6 23. K - B 3 K - R 7 24. K - B 2 K - R 6 25. B - B 5 ch K - R 7 26. Kt - Q 3 K - R 8 27. B - Kt 4 K - R 7 28. Kt - B 1 ch K - R 8 29. B - B 3 mate

It will be seen that the ending is rather laborious. There are two outstanding features: the close following by the King, and the controlling of the squares of opposite colour to the Bishop by the combined action of the Knight and King. The student would do well to exercise himself methodically in this ending, as it gives a very good idea of the actual power of the pieces, and it requires foresight in order to accomplish the {62} mate within the fifty moves which are granted by the rules.