1. W. H. Meyer, Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit (Stettin, 1887), 1089, 238. (Stettin, 1887), 1089, 238.

2. Bil'basov, i: 45; Sochineniia, Sochineniia, xii: 5. xii: 5.

3. S. Peller, 'Births and deaths among Europe's ruling families since 1500', in Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography, eds. D. V. Gla.s.s and D. E. C. Eversley (London, 1965), 91, table 2.

4. T. Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 16481815 The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 16481815 (London, 2007), 623. (London, 2007), 623.

5. SIRIO SIRIO, xx: 246, C. to Frederick II, 5 Dec. 1768.

6. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 8.

7. A Full Account of the Situation, Former State and Late Siege of Stetin A Full Account of the Situation, Former State and Late Siege of Stetin (London, 1678), 45; J. M. Piskorski, et al, (London, 1678), 45; J. M. Piskorski, et al, A Short History of Szczecin A Short History of Szczecin, trans. K. Wilson (Pozna, 2002), 91106.

8. M. Volkel, 'The Hohenzollern Court 15351740', in Princely Courts of Europe, Princely Courts of Europe, ed. Adamson, 215. ed. Adamson, 215.

9. Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas: Pommern Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas: Pommern, ed. W. Bucholz (Berlin, 1999), 23785, 34152; D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers 16481815 The Rise of the Great Powers 16481815 (London, 1983), 1014. (London, 1983), 1014.

10. On the castle's changing fortunes through the ages, see E. Cnotliwy, Zamek ksi Zamek ksi[image]cy w S[image]c[image]ecinie (Szczecin, 1992) and J. Kochanowska et al, (Szczecin, 1992) and J. Kochanowska et al, Zamek Ksi Zamek Ksi[image]t Pomorskich w S[image]c[image]ecinie (Szczecin, 2002). (Szczecin, 2002).

11. C. M. Clark, 'When culture meets power: the Prussian coronation of 1701', in Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century, eds. H. Scott and B. Simms (Cambridge, 2007), 17.

12. V. Bauer, Die hofische Gesellschaft in Deutschland von der Mitte des 17. bis zum Ausgang des 18. ahrhunderts: Versuch einer Typologie Die hofische Gesellschaft in Deutschland von der Mitte des 17. bis zum Ausgang des 18. ahrhunderts: Versuch einer Typologie (Tubingen, 1993), 69. (Tubingen, 1993), 69.

13. Les lettres de Catherine II au Prince de Ligne (17801796) Les lettres de Catherine II au Prince de Ligne (17801796) (Brussels and Paris, 1924), 104, 2 Dec. 1788. (Brussels and Paris, 1924), 104, 2 Dec. 1788.

14. Grimm, 51, 29 July 1776; Bil'basov, i: 56.

15. C. Scharf, Katharina II.: Deutschland und die Deutschen Katharina II.: Deutschland und die Deutschen (Mainz, 1995), 667; (Mainz, 1995), 667; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 223.

16. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: (6), 11; Scharf, Katharina II Katharina II, 8790.

17. M. Fulbrook, Piety and politics: Religion and the rise of absolutism in England, Wurttemberg and Prussia Piety and politics: Religion and the rise of absolutism in England, Wurttemberg and Prussia (Cambridge, 1983), 9, 167; C. Hinrichs, (Cambridge, 1983), 9, 167; C. Hinrichs, Preuentum und Pietismus in Brandenburg-Preuen als religios-so Preuentum und Pietismus in Brandenburg-Preuen als religios-so[image]iale Reformbewegung (Gottingen, 1971), 148. (Gottingen, 1971), 148.

18. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 9.

19. Grimm, 88, 16 May 1778.

20. Fulbrook, Piety and Politics Piety and Politics, 31; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 10.

21. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 6, 11.

22. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 17; M. Greenleaf, 'Performing Autobiography: The Multiple Memoirs of Catherine the Great (175696)', Russian Review Russian Review, 63 (2004), 4113.

23. Sochineniia Sochineniia, 89, (15).

24. Lopatin, 14, C. to Potemkin, undated.

25. Grimm, 41, 20 Jan. 1776.

26. Grimm, 361, 22 Aug. 1785; O. I. Eliseeva, Perepiska Ekateriny II i G. A. Potemkina perioda vtoroi Russkoi-Turetskoi voiny (17871791): Istochnikovedcheskoe issledovanie Perepiska Ekateriny II i G. A. Potemkina perioda vtoroi Russkoi-Turetskoi voiny (17871791): Istochnikovedcheskoe issledovanie (M, 1997), 23. (M, 1997), 23.

27. Grimm, 212, 8 July 1781.

28. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 19, 67. Here C. says her distress was caused by an emotional heroine, whereas in an earlier memoir (p. 441), dating from 1756, she attributes it to a battle scene.

29. Scharf, Katharina II. Katharina II., 69.

30. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 442.

31. The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz, 5 vols. (Dublin, 1738), i: 80.

32. H. Reuther, 'Das Gebaude der Herzog August Bibliothek zu Wolfenb.u.t.tel und ihr Oberbibliothekar Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz', in Leibniz: sein Leben, sein Wirken, seine Welt Leibniz: sein Leben, sein Wirken, seine Welt, eds. W. Totok and C. Haase (Hanover, 1966), 34960.

33. P. Albrecht, et al, Hermann Korb und seine Zeit: Barockes Bauen in Furstentum Braunschweig-olfenb.u.t.tel Hermann Korb und seine Zeit: Barockes Bauen in Furstentum Braunschweig-olfenb.u.t.tel (Brunswick, 2006), esp. 1124; H.-H. Grote, (Brunswick, 2006), esp. 1124; H.-H. Grote, Schloss Wolfenb.u.t.tel: Residenz der Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Luneberg Schloss Wolfenb.u.t.tel: Residenz der Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Luneberg (Brunswick, 2005). (Brunswick, 2005).

34. E. Vehse, Geschichte der Hofe des Hauses Braunschweig in Deutschland und England Geschichte der Hofe des Hauses Braunschweig in Deutschland und England, 5 vols. (Hamburg, 1853), v: 22760.

35. Bauer, Die hofische Gesellschaft Die hofische Gesellschaft, 75.

36. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 1214. In an earlier memoir (p. 442), she claimed to have spent two months of the year in Brunswick.

37. A. Fauchier-Magnan, The Small German Courts in the Eighteenth Century, The Small German Courts in the Eighteenth Century, trans. M. Savill (London, 1958), 27. trans. M. Savill (London, 1958), 27.

38. Ibid., 43, 46, 48, 145, 37 and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

39. J. A. Vann, The Making of a State: Wurttemberg, 15931793 The Making of a State: Wurttemberg, 15931793 (Ithaca, NY, 1984), 190. (Ithaca, NY, 1984), 190.

40. R. Wilkinson, Louis XIV Louis XIV (London, 2007), 102. (London, 2007), 102.

41. H. Watanabe O'Kelly, Court Culture in Dresden: From Renaissance to Baroque Court Culture in Dresden: From Renaissance to Baroque (Basingstoke, 2002), 205. See also the magnificent catalogue, (Basingstoke, 2002), 205. See also the magnificent catalogue, Eine gute Figur machen: Kostum und Fest am Dresdner Hof, Eine gute Figur machen: Kostum und Fest am Dresdner Hof, eds. C. Schnitzer and P. Holscher (Dresden, 2000). eds. C. Schnitzer and P. Holscher (Dresden, 2000).

42. Vann, Making of a State Making of a State, 259.

43. The indispensable work is J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. T. Burger (Cambridge, 1989).

44. P. Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, 1992), 1718. (New Haven, 1992), 1718.

45. T. C. W. Blanning, The Power of Culture and the Culture of Power The Power of Culture and the Culture of Power (Oxford, 2002), 59, is the essential historical commentary on Habermas (see note 43, above). (Oxford, 2002), 59, is the essential historical commentary on Habermas (see note 43, above).

46. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 24.

47. C. Wolff, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician (Oxford, 2000), 187235. (Oxford, 2000), 187235.

48. M. Umbach, 'Visual Culture, Scientific Images and German Small-State Politics in the Late Enlightenment', Past and Present Past and Present, 158 (1998), 11045.

49. H. Dauer, Schlobaukunst des Barock von Anhalt-Zerbst Schlobaukunst des Barock von Anhalt-Zerbst (Cologne, 1999), 3695; A. Erdmuter, et al, (Cologne, 1999), 3695; A. Erdmuter, et al, Anhaltische Schlosser in Geschichte und Kunst Anhaltische Schlosser in Geschichte und Kunst (Bindlach, 1994), 8890. (Bindlach, 1994), 8890.

50. J. Duindam, Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe's Dynastic Rivals, 15501780 Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe's Dynastic Rivals, 15501780 (Cambridge, 2003); S. J. Klingensmith, (Cambridge, 2003); S. J. Klingensmith, The Utility of Splendor: Ceremony, Social Life, and Architecture at the Court of Bavaria, 16001800 The Utility of Splendor: Ceremony, Social Life, and Architecture at the Court of Bavaria, 16001800 (Chicago, 1993). (Chicago, 1993).

51. Bauer, Die hofische Gesellschaft Die hofische Gesellschaft, 901, attempts tabular comparisons of the major German Courts.

52. A rich cosmopolitan literature can be reached via Princes, Patronage, and the n.o.bility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 14501650 Princes, Patronage, and the n.o.bility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 14501650, eds. R. G. Asch and A. M. Birke (Oxford, 1991), and Adamson, 'Making of the ancien-regime Court', 741. See also H. Smith, 'Court Studies and the Courts of Early Modern Europe', Historical Journal Historical Journal, 49, 4 (2006), 122938.

53. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 18; Dauer, Schlobaukunst Schlobaukunst, 24350.

54. Sochineniia, Sochineniia, xii: 26. xii: 26.

55. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 223, 443.

56. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 1718.

57. Madariaga, 24; Bil'basov, i: 1322, 307.

58. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 30; ibid., 443, gives 6 Jan.

59. PCFG, PCFG, ii: 4945, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 30 Dec. 1743. ii: 4945, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 30 Dec. 1743.

60. Beales, Joseph II Joseph II, 6982 (72).

61. Poroshin, 47, 12 Oct. 1764.

62. M. Bregnsbo, 'Danish Absolutism and Queenship: Louisa, Caroline, Matilda, and Juliana Maria', in Queenship in Europe: The Role of the Consort 16601815 Queenship in Europe: The Role of the Consort 16601815, ed. C. Campell Orr (Cambridge, 2004), 3545, 3579.

63. C. C. Noel, '"Barbara succeeds Elizabeth...": The feminisation and domestication of politics in the Spanish Monarchy, 17011759', in Queenship Queenship, ed. Campbell Orr, 15585.

64. T. Biskup, 'The Hidden Queen: Elisabeth Christine of Prussia and Hohenzollern Queenship in the Eighteenth Century', in Queenship Queenship, ed. Campbell Orr, 3069, 313, 315.

65. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 446.

66. Bil'basov, i: 456.

67. D. Blackbourn, The conquest of nature: Water, landscape and the making of modern Germany The conquest of nature: Water, landscape and the making of modern Germany (London, 2006), 2270 (30). (London, 2006), 2270 (30).

68. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 446.

69. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 12.

70. Edward Finch, quoted in J. Black, The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (Stroud, 2003 edn), 68. (Stroud, 2003 edn), 68.

71. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 35; R. J. M. Olson and J. M. Pasachoff, Fire in the Sky: Comets and Meteors, the Decisive Centuries, in British Art and Science Fire in the Sky: Comets and Meteors, the Decisive Centuries, in British Art and Science (Cambridge, 1998), 4951. (Cambridge, 1998), 4951.

72. 'A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Joseph Betts M.A. and Fellow of University College Oxon. To Martin Folkes, Esq.', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 16831775 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 16831775, xliii: 94. See also G. Smith, A Treatise of Comets A Treatise of Comets (London, 1744), and Smith's letter in (London, 1744), and Smith's letter in The Gentleman's Magazine The Gentleman's Magazine, xiv: 86, 14 Feb. 1744.

73. S. Schaffer, 'Comets and the world's end', in Predicting the Future Predicting the Future, eds. L. Howe and A. Wain (Cambridge, 1993), 5276; Ryan, Bathhouse at Midnight Bathhouse at Midnight, 3745.

74. Correspondance Correspondance, 1756. The comet of 1757 prompted [F. Aepinus], 'Razmyshleniia o vozvrate komet, s kratkim izvestiem o nyne iavivsheisia komete', Ezhemesiachniaia sochineniia Ezhemesiachniaia sochineniia (Oct. 1757), 32948. (Oct. 1757), 32948.

75. Poroshin, 265, 29 Aug. 1765.

76. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 15.

77. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 367; SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 1617.

78. E. C. Thaden, Russia's Western Borderlands, 17101870 Russia's Western Borderlands, 17101870 (Princeton, NJ, 1984), 5, n. 1; (Princeton, NJ, 1984), 5, n. 1; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 37.

Chapter 2.

1. R. Milner-Gulland, '16 May 1703: The Petersburg Foundation-Myth', in Days from the reigns of eighteenth-century Russian rulers, Days from the reigns of eighteenth-century Russian rulers, ed. A. Cross (Cambridge, SGECRN, 2007), i: 3748. ed. A. Cross (Cambridge, SGECRN, 2007), i: 3748.

2. Quoted in A. M. Wilson, Diderot Diderot (New York, 1972), 645. (New York, 1972), 645.

3. J. Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago, IL, 1988), 1759. (Chicago, IL, 1988), 1759.

4. F. C. Weber, The Present State of Russia The Present State of Russia, 2 vols. (London, 1723), i: 2978.

5. V. Berelowitch, 'Europe ou Asie? Saint-Petersbourg dans les relations de voyage occidentaux', in Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siecle Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siecle, eds. S. Karp and L. Wolff (Ferney-Voltaire, 2001), 627, esp. p. 66.

6. L. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, CT, 1998), 2112. (New Haven, CT, 1998), 2112.

7. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 79; A. G. Cross, 'The English Embankment', in St Petersburg, 17031825 St Petersburg, 17031825, ed. Cross (Basingstoke, 2003), 65.

8. I. S. B., 'K istorii postroiki S.-Peterburgskago Troitskago Sobora', RS RS, Nov. 1911, 426.

9. Iu. N. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny v inostrannykh opisaniiakh Peterburg Anny Ioannovny v inostrannykh opisaniiakh (SPb, 1997), 175. (SPb, 1997), 175.

10. M. di Salvo, 'A Venice of the North? Italian Views of St Petersburg', in St Petersburg St Petersburg, ed. Cross, 734.

11. Letters from Count Algarotti to Lord Harvey and the Marquis Scipio Maffei Letters from Count Algarotti to Lord Harvey and the Marquis Scipio Maffei (Glasgow, 1770), 50. (Glasgow, 1770), 50.

12. J. Cook, Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary, and Part of the Kingdom of Persia Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary, and Part of the Kingdom of Persia, 2 vols. (Edinburgh 1770), i: 967.

13. The incident led to a general preoccupation with fire: see PSZ PSZ, x: 7270, 7275, 7290, 7295.

14. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny Peterburg Anny Ioannovny, 72, n. 22.

15. W. B. Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia Sunlight at Midnight: St Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia (Oxford, 2001), 334. (Oxford, 2001), 334.

16. M. V. Lomonosov, Polnoe sobranie Polnoe sobranie s sochinenii, 9 vols. (M, 195055).

17. G. Kaganov, Images of s.p.a.ce: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts, Images of s.p.a.ce: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts, trans. S. Monas (Stanford, CA, 1997), 1922, 268. trans. S. Monas (Stanford, CA, 1997), 1922, 268.