Price, Derek J. de Solla. "Automata and the Origins of Mechanism and Mechanistic Philosophy." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 923. 5 (1964): 923.

---. "Proto-Astrolabes, Proto-Clocks, and Proto-Calculators: The Point of Origin of High Mechanical Technology." In Early Technologies Early Technologies, edited by Denise Schmant-Besserat, 6163. Malibu, California, 1979.

Pryor, John H. Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 6491571 Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 6491571. Cambridge, 1988.

Rahtz, Philip A., and Donald Bullough. "The Parts of an Anglo-Saxon Mill." Anglo-Saxon England Anglo-Saxon England 6 (1977): 1537. 6 (1977): 1537.

Razi, Zvi. Life, Marriage, and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 12701400 Life, Marriage, and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 12701400. Cambridge, 1980.

Reti, Ladislao. "Francesco di Giorgio Martini's Treatise on Engineering and Its Plagiarists." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 4 (1963): 28798. 4 (1963): 28798.

Reynolds, Robert L. Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial World-wide Society, 6001750 Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial World-wide Society, 6001750. Madison, Wisconsin, 1967.

Reynolds, Terry S. Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel. Baltimore, 1983.

Riche, Pierre. Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne. Translated by Jo Ann McNamara. Philadelphia, 1980.

Roberts, Lawrence D., ed. Approaches to Nature in the Middle Ages Approaches to Nature in the Middle Ages. Binghamton, New York, 1982.

Robinson, Fred C. "Medieval, the Middle Ages." Speculum Speculum 59 (1984): 74556. 59 (1984): 74556.

Roland, Alex. "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium, 6781204." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 33 (1992): 65579. 33 (1992): 65579.

Runciman, Steven. Byzantine Civilization Byzantine Civilization. New York, 1956.

Saalman, Howard. Medieval Cities Medieval Cities. New York, 1968.

Sawyer, P. H., and R. H. Hilton. "Technical Determinism: The Stirrup and the Plough" (review of Lynn White, Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change). Past and Present Medieval Technology and Social Change). Past and Present 24 (1963): 90100. 24 (1963): 90100.

Schmant-Besserat, Denise, ed. Early Technologies Early Technologies. Malibu, California, 1979.

Scritti di Leonardo Pisano. Edited by Balda.s.sarre Boncompagni. Rome, 18571864.

Shapiro, Sheldon. "The Origin of the Suction Pump." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 56674. 5 (1964): 56674.

Shelby, Lon R. "The Education of Medieval English Masons." Medieval Studies Medieval Studies 33 (1970): 126. 33 (1970): 126.

---. "The Geometrical Knowledge of Mediaeval Master Masons." Speculum Speculum 47 (1972): 395421. 47 (1972): 395421.

---. "Medieval Masons' Tools: The Level and the Plumb Rule." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 2 (1961): 12731. 2 (1961): 12731.

---. "The Role of the Master Mason in Mediaeval English Building." Speculum Speculum 39 (1964): 387403. 39 (1964): 387403.

Singer, Charles, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and Trevor I. Williams, eds. A History of Technology History of Technology. Vol. II, The Mediterranean Civilizations and the Middle Ages, c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 1500 The Mediterranean Civilizations and the Middle Ages, c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 1500. Oxford, 1956.

Smith, A. Mark. "Knowing Things Inside Out: The Scientific Revolution from a Medieval Perspective." American Historical Review American Historical Review 95 (1990): 72644. 95 (1990): 72644.

Smith, Cyril Stanley. "Granulating Iron in Filarete's Smelter." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 38690. 5 (1964): 38690.

Smith, R. A. L. "The Benedictine Contribution to Medieval Agriculture." In Smith, Collected Papers Collected Papers, 10316. London, 1947.

Spencer, John. "Filarete's Description of a Fifteenth Century Iron Smelter at Ferriere." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 4 (1963): 2015. 4 (1963): 2015.

Sprat, Thomas. History of the Royal Society History of the Royal Society. London, 1667.

Stenton, Frank M. "The Road System of Medieval England." Economic History Review Economic History Review 7 (1936): 121. 7 (1936): 121.

Stephenson, Carl. "In Praise of Medieval Tinkers." Journal of Economic History Journal of Economic History 8 (1948): 2642. 8 (1948): 2642.

Swetz, Frank J. Capitalism and Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century Capitalism and Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century. La Salle, Illinois, 1987.

Tannahill, Reay. Food in History Food in History. New York, 1973.

Tertullian. De anima De anima. In J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina Patrologia Latina, vol. II, col. 700. Paris, 1844.

Thomas, Keith. "Work and Leisure in Pre-industrial Society." Past and Present Past and Present 29 (1964): 5062. 29 (1964): 5062.

Thompson, E. A., ed. A Roman Reformer and Inventor, Being a Text of the Treatise De rebus bellicis A Roman Reformer and Inventor, Being a Text of the Treatise De rebus bellicis. Oxford, 1950.

Thompson, James Westfall. "The Commerce of France in the Fifth Century." Journal of Political Economy Journal of Political Economy 23 (1915): 85787. 23 (1915): 85787.

Toy, Sidney. The Castles of Great Britain The Castles of Great Britain. London, 1953.

Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques. On Progress, Sociology, and Economics On Progress, Sociology, and Economics. Edited and translated by Ronald L. Meek. Cambridge, 1973.

Turnau, Irma. "The Organization of the European Textile Industry from the Thirteenth to the Eighteenth Century." Journal of European Economic History Journal of European Economic History 17 (1988): 583602. 17 (1988): 583602.

Turner, A. J. Astrolabes; Astrolabe-Related Instruments Astrolabes; Astrolabe-Related Instruments. Rockford, Illinois, 1985.

Unger, Richard. The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 6001600 The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 6001600. London, 1980.

---. "Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 22 (1981): 23352. 22 (1981): 23352.

Usher, Abbott Payson. A History of Mechanical Inventions A History of Mechanical Inventions. Boston, 1959 (first published in 1929).

Villard de Honnecourt. The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt. Edited by Theodore Bowie. Bloomington, Indiana, 1959.

Von Simson, Otto. The Gothic Cathedral The Gothic Cathedral. New York, 1956.

Walter of Henley's Husbandry, Together with an Anonymous Husbandry, Seneschaucie, etc. Edited by E. Lamond. London, 1890.

Watson, Andrew H. "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 7001100." Journal of Economic History Journal of Economic History 34 (1974): 835. 34 (1974): 835.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. New York, 1958.

Weisheipl, James A. The Development of Physical Theory in the Middle Ages The Development of Physical Theory in the Middle Ages. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1971.

---, ed. Albertus Magnus and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays Albertus Magnus and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays. Toronto, 1980.

Wertime, Theodore A. "Asian Influences on European Metallurgy." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 39197. 5 (1964): 39197.

White, Lynn, Jr. "Dynamo and Virgin Reconsidered." American Scholar American Scholar 27 (1958): 18394. 27 (1958): 18394.

---. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh-Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 2 (1961): 97111. 2 (1961): 97111.

---. "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis." Science Science 156 (1967): 12037. 156 (1967): 12037.

---. Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays. Berkeley, California, 1978.

---. Medieval Technology and Social Change Medieval Technology and Social Change. London, 1962.

---. "The Study of Medieval Technology, 19241974, Personal Reflections." Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 16 (1975): 51930. 16 (1975): 51930.

---. "Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages." Speculum Speculum 15 (1940): 14156. 15 (1940): 14156.

---. "What Accelerated Technological Progress in the Western Middle Ages?" In A. C. Crombie, ed., Scientific Change Scientific Change, 27291. New York, 1963.

---, ed. The Transformation of the Roman World: Gibbon's Problem After Two Centuries The Transformation of the Roman World: Gibbon's Problem After Two Centuries. Berkeley, California, 1966.

Whitney, Elspeth. Paradise Restored: The Mechanical Arts from Antiquity Through the Thirteenth Century Paradise Restored: The Mechanical Arts from Antiquity Through the Thirteenth Century. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 80. Philadelphia, 1990.

Wild, J. P. Textile Manufacture in the Northern Roman Provinces Textile Manufacture in the Northern Roman Provinces. Cambridge, 1970.

William of Malmesbury. Chronicle of the Kings of England Chronicle of the Kings of England. Edited and translated by J. A. Giles. London, 1889.

Wotton, William. Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning. London, 1894.

Wright, John Kirtland. The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades: A Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in Western Europe The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades: A Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in Western Europe. New York, 1965 (first published in 1925).

Wright, Thomas, ed. A Volume of Vocabularies A Volume of Vocabularies. London, 1857.

Wulff, Hans E. The Traditional Crafts of Persia, Their Development, Technology, and Influence on Eastern and Western Civilization The Traditional Crafts of Persia, Their Development, Technology, and Influence on Eastern and Western Civilization. Cambridge, Ma.s.sachusetts, 1966.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

This book was researched at the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library of the University of Michigan.

Professor Bert S. Hall of the Inst.i.tute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology of the University of Toronto read the ma.n.u.script and provided corrections, improvements, and valuable suggestions.

About the Authors FRANCES AND J JOSEPH G GIES have devoted the past thirty years to synthesizing the work of medieval scholars into a series of books on major areas of medieval history, including have devoted the past thirty years to synthesizing the work of medieval scholars into a series of books on major areas of medieval history, including Life in a Medieval Village Life in a Medieval Village and and Life in a Medieval City Life in a Medieval City. Joseph Gies is a former technology editor of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica. They live near Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.

By Frances and Joseph Gies

Life in a Medieval Village (1990) Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages (1987) Women in the Middle Ages (1978) The Ingenious Yankees (1976) Life in a Medieval Castle (1974) Merchants and Moneymen (1972) Leonard of Pisa (juvenile) (juvenile) (1969) (1969) Life in a Medieval City (1969) Also by Frances Gies The Knight in History (1984) Joan of Arc (1981) Also by Joseph Gies By the Sweat of Thy Brow: Work in the Western World (with Melvin Kranzberg) (with Melvin Kranzberg) (1975) (1975) Wonders of the Modern World (1966) Bridges and Men (1963) Adventure Underground (1962)