who, whose, whom, which, what, that

2. By _subordinate conjunctions_:

when because than unless where since provided till while if whereas until as as soon as wherever before as if as long as whether after though in order that why for although lest that whenever

_Ill.u.s.trations_

{ A lamp that _smokes_ } ADJECTIVE: { } is a torture to a student.

{ A _smoking_ lamp }

{ _When she was good_ } { } she was very, very good.

{ _Sometimes_ } ADVERB: { } { _When she was bad_ } { } she was horrid.

{ _Sometimes_ }

Does the clause or the simple adverb give the more definite idea?

{ _where he lives_.

NOUN: I know { { _the house_.

Write three sentences ill.u.s.trating adjective clauses, three ill.u.s.trating adverbial clauses, and three ill.u.s.trating noun clauses.

=Exercise 72=

Name all the clauses in Exercises 179, 185, and 186. Explain the use of each.

=Exercise 73=

Write sentences using each of the following words to introduce a phrase, and to introduce a clause.

1. after 3. for 5. until 2. before 4. since

Remember that just as a preposition must be followed by an _object_ to form a phrase, a conjunction must be followed by a _subject_ to form a clause.

_Ill.u.s.tration_

{ _Christmas_.--OBJECT.

I have not seen him _since_ { { _he_ went away.--SUBJECT.

=Exercise 74=

Name the complete subject in the following. Then name the simple subject, explaining by what elements--words, phrases, or clauses--it is modified.

Name the complete predicate. Then name the simple predicate, explaining by what elements the verb is modified.

1. Modern business cannot be carried on by old-fashioned methods.

2. When a man engages in business, he buys or sells.

3. The great routes of trade have changed from time to time.

4. Your order will be filled within a few days.

5. Both blanks were properly filled out at the time.

6. Means of travel have developed from the slowly moving caravan to the palatial railway coach.

7. Commerce originated when one human being demanded something which had to be supplied by some one else.

8. The latest American and European styles will be displayed in our new millinery department, which will be formally opened on the first of March.

9. The prosperity of nations rests very largely on the six inches of soil between the surface and the subsoil of the territory.

10. One of the greatest losses to the Ohio farm lands in the floods of 1913 came about because the water took off the top soil from the hillside and valleys and carried the vegetable material with it.

11. The conserving of the top soil is one of the greatest problems in national prosperity.

12. We trust that shipment about September 8 will be satisfactory to you, as it is the best that we can do under the circ.u.mstances.

CHAPTER VI

THE NOUN AND THE p.r.o.nOUN

FOR the plural of nouns see Chapter III.

The cla.s.ses to which nouns belong are distinguished as follows:

A _common_ noun is the name given to an object to denote the cla.s.s to which it belongs; as, _book_, _man_.

A _proper_ noun is the name given to a particular object to distinguish it from others of the same cla.s.s; as, _Mary_, _Republicans_, _England_.

Proper nouns should always be capitalized.

A _collective_ noun is a name which in the singular denotes a collection. It is usually plural in idea but singular in use; as, _congregation_, _crowd_.

An _abstract_ noun is the name denoting a quality of an object; as, _power_, _purity_, _strength_.

A _verbal_ noun is the name of an action. As its name suggests, it is made from a verb; as, _Sweeping_ is good exercise.

=Exercise 75=

In the following sentences supply necessary capital letters. Explain why the same word in one expression needs a capital and in another does not.