Part 22
Laws of boat-racing, until 1872, were variously read by various executives. One rule was common to all, and yet differently interpreted by many an umpire or referee. It was that which related to a boat's course.
The old rule was, that a boat which could take a clear lead of an opponent, and which could cross the proper track of that opponent with such clear lead, became ent.i.tled to the 'water' so taken. The boat astern had then to change its course, and to take its leader's vacated course. If thereafter they fouled, through the leader returning to the vacated water, the leader lost; if through the sternmost boat catching the leader in the 'captured' water, then the pursuer lost. Also, under the old code, a foul, however slight, lost a race, if one boat was in its right and the other in its wrong course at the time. If both were in the wrong, the foul did not count.
This code led to many a wrangle over fouls. It also opened the door to sharp practice--e.g. a leader might cross an opponent, by dint of pure speed; and then, being in, his 'right' water, by dint of having crossed with a 'clear lead,' the leader might 'accidentally' shut off speed, before the boat behind had time to change its course. This forced on a foul, and the leader could then claim his pound of flesh, and the race.
An umpire had no discretion in the matter.
In 1872 a meeting of leading amateurs drew up a new code. This code was put in force at the Thames watermen's regattas, governed by amateurs. In time Henley adopted them, as did all leading regattas. Watermen for some time had a liking for the old code and its facilities for 'win, tie, or wrangle' in a match, but as time pa.s.sed on the new code gained ground, and gradually the old one became obsolete. The late Mr. John Graham Chambers, C.U.B.C., was the leading spirit in this reform.
The revised code is now part of the creed of the Amateur Rowing a.s.sociation, of which mention has already been made. These rules are now appended. The Henley executive publish a similar code, but differently numbered. Rule 15 is more of a _regatta_ rule. It is usually waived in sculling matches, and in the Wingfield Sculls for the amateur championship its operation is, by order of the parliament of old champions, suspended.
THE LAWS OF BOAT-RACING AS APPROVED BY THE AMATEUR ROWING a.s.sOCIATION.
1. The starter, on being satisfied that the compet.i.tors are ready, shall give the signal to start.
2. If the starter considers the start false, he shall at once recall the boats to their stations, and any boat refusing to start again shall be disqualified.
3. Any boat not at its post at the time specified shall be liable to be disqualified by the umpire.
4. The umpire may act as starter as he thinks fit; when he does not so act, the starter shall be subject to the control of the umpire.
5. Each boat shall keep its own water throughout the race, and any boat departing from its own water will do so at its peril.
6. A boat's own water is its straight course, paralleled with those of the other competing boats, from the station a.s.signed to it at starting to the finish.
7. The umpire shall be sole judge of a boat's own water and proper course during the race.
8. No fouling whatever shall be allowed; the boat committing a foul shall be disqualified.
9. It shall be considered a foul when, after the race has commenced, any compet.i.tor by his oar, boat, or person comes in contact with the oar, boat, or person of another compet.i.tor, unless in the opinion of the umpire such contact is so slight as not to influence the race.
10. The umpire may, during the race, caution any compet.i.tor when in danger of committing a foul.
11. The umpire, when appealed to, shall decide all questions as to a foul.
12. A claim of foul must be made to the judge or the umpire by the compet.i.tor himself before getting out of his boat.
13. In case of a foul the umpire shall have the power--
(_a_) To place the boats--except the boat committing the foul, which is disqualified--in the order in which they come in;
(_b_) To order the boats engaged in the race, other than the boat committing the foul, to row over again on the same or another day;
(_c_) To re-start the qualified boats from the place where the foul was committed.
14. Every boat shall abide by its accidents.
15. No boat shall be allowed to accompany a compet.i.tor for the purpose of directing his course or affording him other a.s.sistance. The boat receiving such direction or a.s.sistance shall be disqualified at the discretion of the umpire.
16. The jurisdiction of the umpire extends over the race, and all matters connected with it, from the time the race is specified to start until its final termination, and his decision in all cases shall be final and without appeal.
17. Any compet.i.tor refusing to abide by the decision or to follow the directions of the umpire shall be disqualified.
18. The umpire, if he thinks proper, may reserve his decision, provided that in every case such decision be given on the day of the race.
The 'rule of the road' on the river is not settled quite as hard and fast as on land, or in marine navigation; but certain general principles are recognised by all rowing men of experience, for the sake of mutual safety. The following draft of the recognised principles referred to is set forth by the editor of the 'Rowing Almanack,' and other authorities, to whom rowing men are much indebted for the publication.
In case of any 'running-down' action, arising out of a collision between pleasure-boats on the Thames, it would probably go hardly with the occupants of a boat which had brought about an accident by disregard of these 'rules of the road.'
_'The Rule of the Road' on the River._
The following are the generally recognised rules adopted by the leading rowing clubs:--
1. A row-boat going against the stream or tide should take the sh.o.r.e or bank--which bank is immaterial--and should keep inside all boats meeting it.
2. A row-boat going with stream or tide should take a course in mid-river, and should keep outside all boats meeting it.
3. A row-boat overtaking another boat proceeding in the same direction should keep clear of the boat it overtakes, which should maintain its course.
4. A row-boat meeting another end-on in still or open waters, or lakes, should keep to the right as in walking, leaving the boat pa.s.sed on the port or left side.
5. A row-boat with a c.o.xswain should give way to a boat without a c.o.xswain, subject to the foregoing rules, in so far as they apply.
6. A boat towing with stream or tide should give way to a boat towing against it, and if it becomes necessary to unship or drop a tow-line, the former should give way to the latter; but when a barge towing is pa.s.sed by a pleasure-boat towing, the latter should give way and go outside, as a small boat is the easier of the two to manage, in addition to which the river is the barge's highway.
7. A row-boat must give way to a sailing-boat.
8. When a row-boat and a steamer pa.s.s each other, their actions should, as a rule, be governed by the same principle as on two row-boats pa.s.sing; but in shallow waters the greater draughts of the steam-vessel should be remembered, and the row-boat give way to her.
[Ill.u.s.tration: CLIEFDEN.]
'THE TEMPLE OF FAME.'
_WINNERS OF THE WINGFIELD SCULLS._
+----+----------------------+-------+--------------------------------+
Time
Winner
m. s.
Losers
+----+----------------------+-------+--------------------------------+
1830
J. H. Bayford
--
{ Lewis, Wood, Horneman, Revel,
{ A. Bayford, C. Duke, Hume
1831
C. Lewis
--
Bayford
1832
A. A. Julius
--
Lewis
1833
_a_ C. Lewis
--
Julius
1834
A. A. Julius
--
rowed over
1835
A. A. Julius
--
rowed over
1836
H. Wood
--
Patrick Colquhoun
1837
P. Colquhoun
--
Wood, Jones
1838
_a_ H. Wood
--
{ Colquhoun, C. Pollock, H.
{ Chapman
1839
_a_ H. Chapman
--
Pollock, Crockford
1840
T. L. Jenkins
--
{ Crockford, Wallace, A.
{ Earnshaw
1841
_a_ T. L. Jenkins
--
Chapman
1842
H. Chapman
--
Wallace
1843
H. Chapman
--
Wallace, Kennedy, A. Earnshaw
1844
T. B. b.u.mpstead
--
{ Chapman, Hon. G. Denman,
{ Romayne
1845
_a_ H. Chapman
--
b.u.mpstead
1846
_a_ W. Russell
--
Walmsley, Fellows, Dodd
1847
J. R. L. Walmsley
--
H. Murray, C. Harrington
1848
_a_ J. R. L. Walmsley
--
rowed over
1849
_a_ _b_ F. Playford
--
T. R. Bone
1850
T. R. Bone
--
rowed over
1851
_a_ T. R. Bone
--
rowed over
1852
E. G. Peac.o.c.k
--
rowed over
1853
_a_ J. Paine
--
{ A. Rippingall, J. Nottidge,
{ H. C. Smith
1854
H. H. Playford
--
rowed over
1855
A. A. Casamajor
--
H. H. Playford
1856
A. A. Casamajor
--
rowed over
1857
A. A. Casamajor
--
rowed over
1858
A. A. Casamajor
--
rowed over
1859
A. A. Casamajor
--
rowed over
1860
_a_ A. A. Casamajor
--
rowed over
1861
_c_ E. D. Brickwood
29 0
G. R. c.o.x, A. O. Lloyd
1862
_a_ W. B. Woodgate
27 0
E. D. Brickwood, G. R. c.o.x
1863
_a_ J. E. Parker
25 0
E. B. Mich.e.l.l, J. Wallace
1864
W. B. Woodgate
25 35
W. P. Cecil, G. Ryan
1865
_a_ C. B. Lawes
27 4
{ W. B. Woodgate, E. B. Mich.e.l.l,
{ W. P. Cecil, T. Lindsay
1866
_a_ E. B. Mich.e.l.l
27 26
W. B. Woodgate, J. G. Chambers
1867
W. B. Woodgate
--
rowed over
1868
_a_ W. Stout
26 52
E. B. Mich.e.l.l, W. B. Woodgate
1869
A. de L. Long
--
rowed over
1870
A. de L. Long
--
{ J. Ross, A. C. Yarborough,
{ W. Chillingworth
1871
W. Fawcus
26 13
A. de L. Long
1872
C. C. Knollys
28 30
W. Fawcus
1873
A. C. d.i.c.ker
25 40
{ C. C. Knollys, N. H. Eyre,
{ F. S. Gulston
1874
A. C. d.i.c.ker
25 45
{W. H. Eyre, W. Fawcus, W.
{Chillingworth
1875
F. L. Playford
27 6
A. C. d.i.c.ker
1876
F. L. Playford
24 46
{ A. C. d.i.c.ker, A. V. Frere,
{ R. H. Labat
1877
F. L. Playford
24 20
{T. C. Edwardes-Moss, A. H.
{Grove, J. H. Bucknill
1878
F. L. Playford
24 13
Alexander Payne
1879
_a_ F. L. Playford
25 51
J. Lowndes
1880
Alex. Payne
24 8
J. Lowndes, C. G. White
1881
J. Lowndes
25 13
W. R. Grove
1882
A. Payne
27 40
W. R. Grove
1883
J. Lowndes
--
rowed over
1884
W. S. Unwin
24 12
{ C. J. S. Batt, E. F. Green,
{ W. Hawkes, R. H. Smith
1885
W. S. Unwin
--
F. J. Pitman, C. W. Hughes
1886
_a_ F. J. Pitman
24 12
{ W. H. c.u.mming, A. M.
{ Cowper-Smith
1887
G. Nickalls
--
J. C. Gardner.
+----+----------------------+-------+--------------------------------+
(_a_) Resigned.
(_b_) The course before this race was from Westminster to Putney, but for the first time it took place from Putney to Kew.
(_c_) The course was altered again this year to the present one, from Putney to Mortlake.
