70. HVK, June 23, 27, 1899; LCJ, February 6, 1908.

71. E. L. Noble, Bloody Breathitt, 1:106.

72. Hartford Republican, September 13, 1899; Hughes, Schaefer, and Williams, That Kentucky Campaign, 108.

73. HGH, June 19, 1899.

74. Grantham, Southern Progressivism, 14549.

75. TAPR, 1900, 82 (quote). For other characterizations of William Goebel as an anarchist, see also Hartford Republican, October 5, 1900; Klotter, William Goebel, 68.

76. HGH, June 19, 1899.

77. Lexington Herald, July 9 (quote), 1899; MSA, May 21, 1901, February 19, 1908; Coulter and Connelley, History of Kentucky, 3:611.

78. Lexington Herald, August 9, 15, 1899.

79. Ibid., November 12, 1899; NYT (quote), November 12, 1899; NYS, November 12, 1899; Hartford Republican, November 27, 1903. Bulldozing was a commonly used term for voter intimidation. Summers, Party Games, 102.

80. Lexington Herald, November 12, 1899; HVK, January 26, 1900.

81. NYS, November 12, 1899.

82. These were Lexington (Fayette County), Louisville (Jefferson County), Frankfort (Woodford County), and Goebel's hometown of Covington (Kenton County). Earlington Bee, January 17, 1901; Hughes, Schaefer, and Williams, That Kentucky Campaign, 191.

83. Washington Times, November 10, 14, 1900.

84. NYT, November 10, 1900.

85. Breathitt County's fusionists were not only using the same tactic employed by Populists a few years before, but were doing so out of a similar impulse. Before it became a national movement with faraway northern plutocrats as targets, Populism's political manifestation had its beginnings in small farmers' disgust with local courthouse elites. James Turner, "Understanding the Populists," 36768. See also Perman, Pursuit of Unity, 14849, 16669; Lester, Up from the Mudsills of Hell; Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet, 38587; McMath, American Populism, 197, 2036; Ayers, The Promise of the New South, 4246, 290305; Gordon McKinney, Southern Mountain Republicans, 16266; Uzee, "The Republican Party in the Louisiana Election of 1896"; de Santis, "Republican Efforts to 'Crack' the Democratic South," 33244; Kirwan, Revolt of the Rednecks, 99100; Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina; Munroe Smith, "Record of Political Events," 370; Haynes, "The New Sectionalism," 275; LRA, n.s., 37:88688.

86. Hartford Republican, November 27, 1903; LRA, n.s., 37:88688.

87. HGH, October 14, 1892; MPL, November 27, 1895, June 19, 1899; Morse v. South et al., Circuit Court D of Kentucky, April 15, 1897, The Federal Reporter, 80:20618; Speed, Pirtle, and Kelly, The Union Regiments of Kentucky, 257; LCJ, May 10, 1897; MSA, October 3, 1899; Lexington Herald, January 10, 1900; MPL, January 12, 1900.

88. E. L. Noble, Bloody Breathitt, 2:26; Charles C. Wells, 1890 Special Veterans' Census for Eastern Kentucky, 222.

89. Kentucky Union Co., &c., v. Lovely, &c., March 14, 1901, in Reports of the Civil and Criminal Cases decided by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, 29596; For Marcum's representation of the L&E, see Biennial Report of the Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics of the State of Kentucky, 45; Lexington Herald, November 14, 1902; E. Polk Johnson, A History of Kentucky and Kentuckians, 1357; U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Experiment Stations, Organization Lists of the Agricultural Experimental Stations, 54; Clements, History of the First Regiment of Infantry, 157.

For mountain Republicans' abandonment of Civil Warera issues in favor of a more business-related identity, see John A. Williams, "Class, Section, and Culture in Nineteenth-Century West Virginia Politics," 228; Snay, "Freedom and Progress," 10910; Gordon McKinney, Southern Mountain Republicans, 16676.

90. Quoted in Lears, Rebirth of a Nation, 149.

91. HGH, May 10, 1894.

92. Richmond Climax, May 22, 1895; Aikman v. Commonwealth, March 17, 1892, SWR, vol. 18 (February 1April 25, 1892), 93738; Adkins et al v. Commonwealth, Court of Appeals of Kentucky, January 16, 1896, SWR, vol. 33 (December 30, 1895March 2, 1896), 94853.

93. Handbill: "Answer to Judge Hagins' Circular," Assorted Documents, Breathitt County Museum; Lexington Herald, July 9 (quote), 1899; MSA, May 21, 1901; Coulter and Connelley, History of Kentucky, 3:611.

94. HGH, October 17, 1901.

95. Pollard was often counsel for the Breathitt County court in higher courts. KLR, vol. 21, part 2 (January 1, 1903June 15, 1903) (Frankfort: Geo. A. Lewis, 1903), 1406.

96. HGH, November 7, 1901.

97. Ibid., November 28, 1901; LRA, n.s., 37:88689; LEP, May 19, 1903.

98. KLR, vol. 24, part 2 (January 1, 1903June 15, 1903), 24982500; MSA, November 19, December 17, 1902; Lancaster Central Record, November 27, 1902; LEP, May 19, 1903; BCN, October 23, 1903.

99. Washington Times, August 17, 1902; LCJ, May ? 1903; Child, "The Boss of Breathitt," 15.

100. HGH, February 27, 1902; Washington Times, August 17, 1902; Kash, "Feud Days in Breathitt County," 344. Kash was personally acquainted with the Hargis brothers, Cox, Marcum, and most of the men involved in the conflicts of 1902 in Jackson.

101. Courtwright, Violent Land, 170; Ayers, The Promise of the New South, 25657.

102. HGH, February 6, 1902.

103. For a similar change in the character of violence in a newly factoried setting, see Carlton, Mill and Town in South Carolina, 14551.

104. Hartford Republican, June 27, 1902.

105. MPL, November 2, 1896; Lexington Herald, November 2, 3, 1896; Richmond Climax, November 4, 1896; Cardwell v. Commonwealth, Court of Appeals of Kentucky, June 23, 1898, SWR, vol. 46, 7057; Washington Times, August 17, 1902.

106. Spout Spring Times, July 30, 1898; NYT, July 3, 1904.

107. SIJ, May 12, 1903; MSA, April 15, 1902; MVB, April 16, 1902; Blue-grass Blade, April 27, 1902; Washington Times, August 17, 1902.

108. Havens, Leiden, and Schmitt, The Politics of Assassination, 152.

109. Lexington Herald, April 15, 1902; MSA, April 15, 1902; MVB, April 16, 1902; HGH, April 17, 1902; Lexington Leader, July 21, 1902; Washington Times, August 17, 1902; LCJ, February 6, 1908.

110. MSA, April 15, 1902; MVB, April 16, 1902, May 9, 1903; Blue-grass Blade, April 27, 1902; "Telephone to Open Feud-Ridden County," 196; Child, "The Boss of Breathitt," 15; Clements, History of the First Regiment of Infantry, 151.

111. Kash, "Feud Days in Breathitt County," 34445.

112. MSA, July 22, 29, August 5, 1902; CDT, July 22, 1902; Lexington Herald, July 23, 1902; Maysville Bulletin, July 23, 1902; Paducah Sun, July 24, 1902; MVS, July 25, 1902; Hartford Republican, July 25, 1902; ACN, July 30, 1902; LEP, May 4, 1903; Trimble, Recollections of Breathitt, 8.

113. MSA, July 22, 1902.

114. Hargis et al. v. Parker, Judge, et al., Court of Appeals of Kentucky, March 10, 1905, SWR, vol. 85 (March 15April 19, 1905), 705.

115. Lexington Leader, July 21, 1902; LEP, May 4, 1903.

116. Paducah Sun, July 24, 1902.

117. Lexington Leader, July 24, 1902. Democratic attacks on fusionists were nothing unfamiliar, at least elsewhere in the South, most notably 1898's White Supremacy campaign that precipitated the Wilmington Race Riot and guaranteed one-party dominance for at least a generation in North Carolina. Redding, Making Race, Making Power, 12933.

118. Lexington Leader, July 24, 1902; Paducah Sun, July 24, 1902; CDT, July 30, 1902.

119. Lexington Leader, July 22, 1902.

120. For instance, the Herald admonished the Sunny South not to "prevaricate about the people of the mountains" and "stick to the truth" after it erroneously called Ben Hargis Judge Hargis's son rather than his brother; HGH, July 17, 1902; Paducah Sun, July 24, 1902. In 1902 and for years afterward, the "Hargis-Cockrell feud" was only the most common descriptive for these events. Other variations included the "Hargis-Callahan feud," the "Hargis-Marcum feud," the "Hargis-Cockrell-Marcum feud," and the "Curtis-Jett feud." See Marcosson, "The South in Fiction," 366; Green, Towering Pines, 91.

121. HGH, July 31, 1902.

122. Ibid., August 28, 1902; Lexington Leader, November 9, 1902.

123. Hargis attempted to have the case against Cockrell completely dismissed but, it being a criminal case, the specially appointed judge deemed a dismissal impossible. ACN, September 3, 1902; HGH, August 28 (quote), 1902.

124. Lexington Leader, August 27, 1902.

125. Ibid., November 14, 1902.

126. These papers were the Republican Louisville Evening Post and Lexington Leader and the Democratic Lexington Herald, Goebel's most vocal enemy within his own party. Kash, "Feud Days in Breathitt County," 345.

127. Paducah Sun, November 11, 1902; Alexandria Gazette, November 12, 1902; MVB, November 12, 1902; HGH, November 13, 1902; Lexington Leader, November 14, 1902; Lexington Herald, November 14, 1902; Lancaster Central Record, November 14, 1902; HVK, November 18, 1902; Hartford Republican, January 16, 1903. For Mose Feltner's well-documented criminal history, see FRA, February 25, 1893; HGH, February 21, 1895, May 3, 1900; SIJ, February 28, 1896; MVS, May 4, June 29, 1900; HMC, November 16, 1900; MPL, November 9, 1900, July 20, 1901.

128. Lexington Leader, November 14 (quote), 1902; Lancaster Central Record, November 14, 1902; Berea Citizen, November 27, 1902.

129. Bourbon News, November 14, 1902.

130. Lexington Leader, November 15, 1902.

131. Ibid., November 16, 1902. According to later court testimony, Marcum expressed the same speculations to his wife's sister. White v. Commonwealth, Court of Appeals of Kentucky, March 17, 1905, SWR, vol. 85 (March 15April 19, 1905), 755.

132. Lexington Leader, November 16, 1902. See also Berea Citizen, November 27, 1902.

133. HVK, November 25, 1902; Lancaster Central Record, November 27, 1902.

134. LEP, May 4, 1903; LCJ, May 5, 7, 1903; Lexington Herald, May 5, 1903; HGH, May 7, 1903; NYT, May 5, 10, 12, 25, 31, June 5, 16, 18, 20, 28, 30, 1903.

135. LEP, May 5, 1903.

136. Child, "The Boss of Breathitt," 15. It would seem that Marcum's instincts were correct. Mose Feltner, Marcum's client and a suspect in an unrelated murder, said that, after being hired by Judge Hargis to kill Marcum, he had a clear opportunity to dispatch his target but hesitated because "the women were around him" and "he had his little baby in his arms." Washington Post, May 29, 1904. See also LCJ, May 4, 6, 1903.

137. LEP, May 8, 1903.

138. LCJ, May 6, 1903.

139. McClure, "The Mazes of a Kentucky Feud," 2220.

140. SIJ, May 12, 1903.

141. Lexington Leader, May 5, 1903. The Leader was one of few Republican Kentucky papers that freely accused specific county governments of electoral corruption. Ireland, Little Kingdoms, 51.

142. MPL, June 2, 1903.

143. Ibid., June 6, 1903.

144. "Assassination in Kentucky," 778; Keane, Violence and Democracy, 39.

145. Hartford Republican, August 21, November 27 (quote), 1903.

146. MPL, May 14, 1903.

147. Lexington Morning Herald, July 31, 1903.

148. MPL, June 30, 1903.

149. Instead of suggesting violence acted out for or against the legitimacy of state power, "lawlessness" denoted "a Hobbesian state in which the relations between individuals or small groups are like those between sovereign powers," a description of premodern societies most likely to experience or produce acts of violence related to "feud" or "vendetta." Vahabi, The Political Economy of Destructive Power, 1035.

150. Crittenden Press, May 14, 1903; Clay City Times, May 28 (quote), 1903; ACN, May 13, July 29, 1903.

151. Hartford Herald, July 1, 1903.

152. Ibid., June 24, 1903.

153. Larue County Herald, quoted in ACN, June 10, 1903. For Republican comparisons between the investigations of Goebel's and Marcum's deaths, see Hartford Republican, August 21, 1903; BCN, March 15, 1907.

154. ACN, July 29, 1903.

155. LCJ, May 6, 1903.

156. Ibid., June 17, 1903.

157. Lexington Herald, May 7, 16, 1903.

158. CDT, May 25, 1903.

159. "As the nineteenth century drew on, the family as an institution was figured as existing, by natural decree, beyond the commodity market, beyond politics, and beyond history proper. The family thus became, at one and the same time, both the organizing figure for natural history, as well as its antithesis. McClintock, "Family Feuds," 6364. See also Piepmeier, Out in Public; Said, "Secular Criticism," 23132; Peiss, "Going Public," 81720, 822, 826; Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes; Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood."

160. Richmond Climax, September 9, 1903.

161. Bourbon News, May 8, 1903; Commonwealth of Ky. vs. Curt Jett & c., May 28June 19, 1903, Breathitt County Criminal Order Books and Indexes, KDLA; Jett v. Commonwealth, March 25, 1905, SWR, vol. 85 (March 15April 19, 1905), 117982.

162. CDT, May 11, 25, 1903; MVB, May 2627, 1903; Hartford Republican, February 26, 1904. In 1902 Fulton French collaborated with Hargis in establishing a Jackson hotel. MSA, July 1, 1902.

163. CDT, June 17, 19, 1903.

164. LCJ, May 10, 1903; LEP, May 10, 1903; CDT, May 7, 11, 1903.

165. Earlington Bee, May 28, 1903; Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1903, 330; Clements, History of the First Regiment of Infantry, 158.

166. Clements, History of the First Regiment of Infantry, 164.

167. "Comment," 1086.

168. CDT, June 15, 1903; Bourbon News, July 28, 1903.