_1970 World Population Data Sheet._ Was.h.i.+ngton: Population Reference Bureau, 1970.

Omari, Luan; Dode, Petro; and Beqja, Hamit. _20 Vjetori Shqiperi Socialiste._ Tirana: N. Sh., Botime "Naim Frasheri," 1964.

"Opposition to the Albanian Cultural Revolution," _Radio Free Europe: Research Departments_, September 22, 1966.

_Organizatat-Baze te Partise per Revolucionarizimin e Metejshem te Jetes se Vendit._ Tirana: Shtepia Botonjese "Naim Frasheri," 1968.

Pacrami, F. "Duke Kaluar nga Diskutimi ne Zbatim per Revolucionarizimin e Metejshem te Shkolles, Rruga e Partise," XVI, No. 8, July 1969.

_Political Handbook and Atlas of the World: Parliaments, Parties, and Press._ (Ed., Walter H. Mallory.) New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968.

_The Road to Communism._ (Doc.u.ments of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, October 17-31.) Moscow: Foreign Languages Publis.h.i.+ng House, n.d.

"Situation Report," _Radio Free Europe: Research Departments_, April 19, 1967.

Sphiu, Xh. "Mbi Disa Probleme te Punes se Partise ne Fshat per Ngushtimin e Dallimeve Esenciale Midis Qytet.i.t dhe Fshat.i.t, Midis Zonave Fush.o.r.e dhe Atyre Malore," _Rruga e Partise_, XVI, No. 8, August 1969, 1-20.

"The State of Wall Posters in Albania," _Radio Free Europe: Research Departments_, April 13, 1967.

Stickney, Edith Pierpont. _Southern Albania or Northern Epirus in European International Affairs, 1912-1923._ Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1926.

Swire, Joseph. Albania: _The Rise of a Kingdom._ London: Williams and Norgate, 1929.

_Twenty Years of Socialism in Albania._ Tirana: Naim Frasheri State Publis.h.i.+ng House, 1964.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. _World Communications._ New York: 1964.

U.S. Congress. 83d, 2d Session. House of Representatives. _Communist Takeover and Occupation of Albania._ (Special Report No. 13.) Was.h.i.+ngton: GPO, 1954.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Joint Publications Research Service (Was.h.i.+ngton). The following publications are JPRS translations from foreign sources:

"The Cla.s.s Struggle--the Dividing Line between Marxism and Revisionism," by Bujar Hoxha, in _Zeri i Popullit_ (Voice of the People), Tirana, 1968. (JPRS: 45,815, _Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs_, No. 9, 1968.)

"The Elimination of Backward Customs Requires Continued and Persistent Work," by Kol Tollumi, in _Rruga e Partise_ (Party Path), Tirana, 1968. (JPRS: 45,815, _Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs_, No. 9, 1968.)

"Let Us Strengthen the Movement of the Working Cla.s.s for the Overall Development of the Villages," by Sotir Kamberi, in _Rruga e Partise_ (Party Path), Tirana, 1968. (JPRS: 45,815, _Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs_, No. 9, 1968.)

"The Problems Raised by Comrade Enver in His Speech 'The Rights and Freedoms of Women Must be Fully Understood and Protected by All' and What Should be Done to Solve Them," by Piro Kondi, in _Rruga e Partise_ (Party Path), Tirana, 1970.

(JPRS: 50,462, _Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs_, No. 214, 1970.)

"Remnants of Patriarchalism in the Family and Society: A Serious Hindrance to The Complete Triumph of the Socialist Way of Life," by Kol Gjoka and Lluke Pashko, in _Rruga e Partise_ (Party Path), Tirana, 1968. (JPRS: 46,588, _Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs_, No. 32, 1968.)

"Social and Family Relations: A Broad Field for the Cla.s.s Struggle," by Hysni Kapo, in _Rruga e Partise_ (Party Path), Tirana, 1970. (JPRS: 50,200, _Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs_, No.

198, 1970.)

"Some Problems of the Academic, Cultural, and Aesthetic Education of Youth," by Ismail Hoxha, in _Nendori_ (November), Tirana, 1967. (JPRS: 43,672, _Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs_, 1967.)

(The periodical, _Ekonomia Popullore_ [Tirana], November to December 1965, was used in the preparation of this book.)

GLOSSARY

Albanian Workers' Party--The Communist Party of Albania. This name adopted by the First Party Congress in 1948.

basic party organization--The Albanian Workers' Party unit established in state enterprises and inst.i.tutions, on collective or cooperative farms, and in military organizations. In some Communist states--for example, the Soviet Union--the equivalent is a primary party organization.

Bektas.h.i.+--A dervish order, offshoot of the s.h.i.+a branch of Islam, emphasizing abstinence from violence and charity to all people.

_besa_--A pledge to faithfully fulfill an obligation or promise.

Formerly used to effect a truce during hostilities involving clans or conflicts between individuals.

_bey_--The head of a feudal estate or an administrative official under the Turks. Became the dominant cla.s.s after Albanian independence in 1912. Also formerly used as a t.i.tle of respect.

CEMA--Council for Economic Mutual a.s.sistance; members: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, and the Soviet Union.

civil war--The hostilities from September 1943 to November 1944 in which partisans of the Communist-led National Liberation Front fought the two princ.i.p.al anti-Communist organizations, Balli Kombetar (National Front) and Levizja e Legalitet.i.t (Legality Movement).

clan--An organization that included several families and provided controls as stipulated by unwritten codes. In 1945 the clans were broken up by the Communist regime.

collective or cooperative--An organization in which members retain only their personal effects; all other belongings become community property.

Production from group efforts goes into a common fund. Members are paid on the basis of their contribution of work units.

Cominform--Communist Information Bureau. International organization of Communist parties, established in 1947 and dissolved in 1956.

Democratic Front--The largest and most important social organization utilized by the Albanian Workers' Party to gain the support of the ma.s.ses for their objectives. Its work includes political, economic, social, and cultural tasks. It succeeded the National Liberation Front in 1945.

district--The major subdivisions of the country. There were twenty-six in 1970.

Gegs--The larger of the two subgroups of Albanians. They inhabit the area north of the Shk.u.mbin River. Differentiated until World War II by their tribal organization and primitive life style; also have distinctive physical features.

Kosovo--An autonomous region within the Serbian Republic of Yugoslavia.

This area previously called Kosovo-Metohija and frequently referred to as Kosmet.

lek--The standard monetary unit. Does not have an international official exchange rate. Nominally valued in Tirana at 5 leks to 1 United States dollar; the tourist rate in early 1970 was 12.5 leks to US$1. Devalued in August 1965 by exchanging 1 new lek for 10 old leks.

Marxism-Leninism--From the Albanian Communist viewpoint, the ideology of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin as reflected in the experience of the Soviet Union until the death of Joseph Stalin.

ma.s.s organization--Generally of a social or professional nature with broad members.h.i.+p designed to link the Party with the ma.s.ses and to gain support for Party objectives.

National Liberation Front--Created in 1942; Communist-led; fought Italian and German occupying forces and immobilized other Albanian factions to seize power in 1944.

Ottoman--Relating to the Turks or to Turkey. Derived from name of fourteenth-century founder of the Ottoman Empire.

party cadre--A thoroughly indoctrinated and reliable Party group.

Utilized wherever deemed necessary to maintain efficiency and performance. Frequently specially trained in management.