Syllabus.

I. Bony Landmarks.

1. The _occipital protuberance_ can be distinctly felt at the back of the head. This is always the thickest part (often three-quarters of an inch or more) of the skull-cap, and is more prominent in some than in others. The thinnest part is over the temples, where it may be almost as thin as parchment.

2. The working of the _condyle of the lower jaw_ vertically and from side to side can be distinctly felt and seen in front of the ear. When the mouth is opened wide, the condyle advances out of the glenoid cavity, and returns to its socket when the mouth is shut. In front of the ear, lies the zygoma, one of the most marked and important landmarks to the touch, and in lean persons to the eye.

3. The sliding movement of the _scapula_ on the chest can be properly understood only on the living subject. It can move not only upwards and downwards, as in shrugging the shoulders, backwards and forwards, as in throwing back the shoulders, but it has a rotary movement round a movable center. This rotation is seen while the arm is being raised from the horizontal to the vertical position, and is effected by the cooperation of the trapezius with the serratus magnus muscles.

4. The _patella_, or knee-pan, the _two condyles of the tibia_, the _tubercle on the tibia_ for the attachment of the ligament of the patella, and the _head of the fibula_ are the chief bony landmarks of the knee. The head of the fibula lies at the outer and back part of the tibia. In extension of the knee, the patella is nearly all above the condyles. The inner border of the patella is thicker and more prominent than the outer, which slopes down toward its condyle.

5. The short, front edge of the _tibia_, called the "shin," and the broad, flat, subcutaneous surface of the bone can be felt all the way down. The inner edge can be felt, but not so plainly.

6. The head of the _fibula_ is a good landmark on the outer side of the leg, about one inch below the top of the tibia. Note that it is placed well back, and that it forms no part of the knee joint, and takes no share in supporting the weight. The shaft of the fibula arches backwards and is buried deep among the muscles, except at the lower fourth, which can be distinctly felt.

7. The _malleoli_ form the great landmarks of the ankle. The outer malleolus descends lower than the inner. The inner malleolus advances more to the front and does not descend so low as the outer.

8. The line of the _clavicle_, or collar bone, and the projection of the joint at either end of it can always be felt. Its direction is not perfectly horizontal, but slightly inclined downwards. We can distinctly feel the _spine_ of the scapula and its highest point, the _acromion_.

9. Projecting beyond the acromion (the arm hanging by the side), we can feel, through the fibers of the _deltoid_, the upper part of the humerus. It distinctly moves under the hand when the arm is rotated. It is not the head of the bone which is felt, but its prominences (the tuberosities). The greater, externally; the lesser in front.

10. The _tuberosities of the humerus_ form the convexity of the shoulder. When the arm is raised, the convexity disappears,--there is a slight depression in its place. The head of the bone can be felt by pressing the fingers high up in the axilla.

11. The _humerus_ ends at the elbow in two bony prominences (internal and external condyles). The internal is more prominent. We can always feel the _olecranon_. Between this bony projection of the ulna and the internal condyle is a deep depression along which runs the ulna nerve (commonly called the "funny" or "crazy" bone).

12. Turn the hand over with the palm upwards, and the edge of the _ulna_ can be felt from the olecranon to the prominent k.n.o.b (styloid process) at the wrist. Turn the forearm over with the palm down, and the head of the ulna can be plainly felt and seen projecting at the back of the wrist.

13. The upper half of the _radius_ cannot be felt because it is so covered by muscles; the lower half is more accessible to the touch.

14. The three rows of projections called the "knuckles" are formed by the proximal bones of the several joints. Thus the first row is formed by the ends of the metacarpals, the second by the ends of the first phalanges, and the third by the ends of the second phalanges. That is, in all cases the line of the joints is a little in advance of the knuckles and nearer the ends of the fingers.

II. Muscular Landmarks.

1. The position of the _sterno-mastoid_ muscle as an important and interesting landmark of the neck has already been described (p. 70).

2. If the left arm be raised to a vertical position and dropped to a horizontal, somewhat vigorously, the tapering ends of the _pectoralis major_ and the tendons of the _biceps_ and _deltoid_ may be felt by pressing the parts in the axilla between the fingers and thumb of the right hand.

3. The appearance of the _biceps_ as a landmark of the arm has already been described (p. 70). The action of its antagonist, the _triceps_, may be studied in the same manner.

4. The _sartorius_ is one of the fleshy landmarks of the thigh, as the biceps is of the arm, and the sterno-cleido-mastoid of the neck. Its direction and borders may be easily traced by raising the leg,--a movement which puts the muscle in action.

5. If the model be directed to stand on tiptoe, both of the large muscles of the calf, the _gastrocnemius_ and _soleus_, can be distinguished.

6. Direct the model, while sitting upright, to cross one leg over the other, using his utmost strength. The great muscles of the inner thigh are fully contracted. Note the force required to pull the legs to the ordinary position.

7. With the model lying in a horizontal position with both legs firmly held together, note the force required to pull the feet apart while the great muscles of the thigh are fully contracted.

8. In forcible and resisted flexion of the wrist two tendons come up in relief. On the outer side of one we feel the pulse at the wrist, the radial artery here lying close to the radius.

9. On the outer side of the wrist we can distinctly see and feel when in action, the three extensor tendons of the thumbs. Between two of them is a deep depression at the base of the thumb, which the French call the "anatomical tobacco box."

10. The relative position of the several extensor tendons on the back of the wrist and fingers as they play in their grooves over the back of the radius and ulna can be distinctly traced when the several muscles are put in action.

11. There are several strong tendons to be seen and felt about the ankle. Behind is the _tendo Achillis_. It forms a high relief with a shallow depression on each side of it. Behind both the inner and outer ankle several tendons can be felt. Over the front of the ankle, when the muscles are in action, we can see and feel several tendons. They start up like cords when the action is resisted. They are kept in their proper relative position by strong pulleys formed by the annular ligament. Most of these tendons can be best seen by stand a model on one foot, _i.e._ in unstable equilibrium.

III. Landmarks of the Heart.

To have a general idea of the form and position of the _heart_, map its outline with colored pencils or crayon on the chest wall itself, or on some piece of clean, white cloth, tightly pinned over the clothing. A pattern of the heart may be cut out of pasteboard, painted red, or papered with red paper, and pinned in position outside the clothing. The apex of the heart is at a point about two inches below the left nipple and one inch to its sternal side. This point will be between the fifth and sixth ribs, and can generally be determined by feeling the apex beat.

IV. Landmarks of a Few Arteries.

The pulsation of the _temporal_ artery can be felt in front of the ear, between the zygoma and the ear. The _facial_ artery can be distinctly felt as it pa.s.ses over the upper jaw at the front edge of the ma.s.seter muscle.

The pulse of a sleeping child can often be counted at the anterior fontanelle by the eye alone.

About one inch above the clavicle, near the outer border of the sterno-mastoid, we can feel the pulsation of the great _subclavian_ artery. At the back of the knee the _popliteal_ artery can be felt beating. The _dorsal_ artery of the foot can be felt beating on a line from the middle of the ankle to the interval between the first and second metatarsal bones.

When the arm is raised to a right angle with the body, the _axillary_ artery can be plainly felt beating in the axilla. Extend the arm with palm upwards and the _brachial_ artery can be felt close to the inner side of the biceps. The position of the _radial_ artery is described in Experiment 102.

Glossary.

Abdomen (Lat. _abdo_, _abdere_, to conceal). The largest cavity of the body, containing the liver, stomach, intestines, and other organs.

Abductor (Lat. _abduco_, to draw from). A muscle which draws a limb from the middle line of the body, or a finger or toe from the middle line of the foot or hand.

Absorbents (Lat. _absorbere_, to suck up). The vessels which take part in the process of absorption.

Absorption. The process of sucking up nutritive or waste matters by the blood-vessels or lymphatics.