A Month in Yorkshire.

by Walter White.

FOREWORD.

The first two editions of this work had not long been published when I was pelted with animadversions for the "scandalous misrepresentation"

conveyed in my report of a conversation held with a villager at Burnsall; which conversation may be read in the twenty-second chapter.

My reply was, that I had set down less than was spoken--that I had brought no accusation, not having even mentioned the "innocent-looking country town" as situate in any one of the three Ridings--that what I had seen, however, in some of the large towns, led me to infer that the imputation (if such it were) would hardly fail to apply; and, moreover, if the Yorkshire conscience felt uneasy, was I to be held responsible?

My explanation that the town in question was not in Yorkshire, was treated as of none effect, and my censors rejoined in legal phrase, that I had no case. So I went about for awhile under a kind of suspicion, or as an unintentional martyr, until one day there met me two gentlemen from Leeds, one of whom declared that he and others, jealous of their county's reputation, and doubting not to convict me of error, had made diligent inquiry and found to their discomfiture, that the a.s.semblages implied in the villager's remark, did actually take place within Yorkshire itself. The discovery is not one to be proud of; but, having been made, let the county strive to free itself from at least that reproach.

Another censurable matter was my word of warning against certain inns which had given me demonstration that their entertainment, regulated by a sliding scale, went up on the arrival of a stranger. Yorkshire wrote a flat denial of the implication to my publishers, and inclosed a copy of what he called "his tariff," by way of proof, which would have been an effectual justification had my grievance been an invention; but, as it happened, the tariff presented testimony in my favour, by the difference between its prices and those which I had been required to pay.

I only notice this incident because of the general question, in which all who travel are more or less interested. Why should an Englishman, accustomed to equitable dealings while staying at home, be required to submit so frequently to the reverse when journeying in his own country?

Shopkeepers are ready to sell socks, or saddles, or soap without an increase of price on the plea that they may never see you again, and without expecting you to fee their servants for placing the article before you; and why should innkeepers claim a privilege to do otherwise?

The numerous complaints which every season's experience calls forth from tourists, imply a want of harmony between "travelling facilities" and the practice of licensed victuallers; and if English folk are to be persuaded to travel in their own country, the sooner the required harmony is established, the better. It would be very easy to exhibit a table of charges and fees by which a tourist might ascertain cost beforehand, and choose accordingly. Holland is a notoriously dear and highly-taxed country, yet fivepence a day is all the charge that Dutch innkeepers make for "attendance."

In one instance the discussion took a humorous turn:--the name of a certain jovial host, with whom I had a talk in Swaledale, appeared subscribed to a letter in the _Richmond Chronicle_, and as it furnishes us with a fresh specimen of local dialect, I take leave to quote a few pa.s.sages therefrom. After expostulating with the editor for "prentan" a letter which somebody had written in his "neame," the writer says, "but between ye an' me, I believe this chap's been readin' a buke put out by yan White, 'at was trailin' about t' Deales iv hay-time, an' afoare he set off to gang by t' b.u.t.ter-tubs to t' Hawes, he ast me what publick-house he was to gang te, an' I tell't him t' White Hart; an'

becoz he mebby fand t' shot rayther bigger than a lik'd, he's gi'en t'

landlord a wipe iv his buke aboot t' length of his bill, an' me aboot t'

girth o' me body--pity but he'd summat better to rite aboot; but nivver heed, it n.o.bbut shows 'at my meat agrees wi' me, an' 'at t' yal 'at I brew 's naythur sour ner wake, an' 'at I drink my shar' on't mysel: but if I leet on him, or can mak' oot t' chap 'at sent ye t' letter, I'll gi' 'em an on-be-thinkin."

Sheffield, too, has not yet ceased to reprove me for having published the obvious fact, that the town is frightfully smoky, and unclean in appearance and in its talk. If I were to make any alteration in this particular, it would be to give emphasis, not to lighten the description. A town which permits its trade to be coerced by ignorance, and where the ultimate argument of the working-cla.s.ses is gunpowder or a knock on the head, should show that the best means have been taken to purify morals as well as the atmosphere and streets, before it claims to be "nothing like so bad as is represented." But, the proverb which declares that "people who eat garlic are always sure it doesn't smell,"

will perhaps never cease to be true.

Of the 14,000,000 worth of woollen and worsted goods exported in 1859, Yorkshire supplied the largest portion; and still maintains its reputation for "crafty wit and shrinking cloth," as shewn by the increase in the manufacture of shoddy. One of the manufacturers at Batley has made known in a printed pamphlet, that 50,000,000 pounds of rags are at the present time annually converted into various kinds of so-called woollen goods. We walk on shoddy as it covers our floors; and we wear shoddy in our stockings and under-garments, as well as in capes and overcoats. Turning to mineral products, we find that in 1859, Yorkshire raised 1,695,842 tons of ironstone, and 8,247,000 tons of coal, worth in round numbers 3,573,000. And with all this there is an increase in the means and results of education, and an abatement of pauperism: in 1820, the poor's-rate in Hull was seven shillings and eightpence in the pound, in 1860, not more than eightpence.

And to mention facts of another kind:--by the digging of a drain on Marston Moor, a heap of twenty-five or thirty skeletons was discovered, around which the clay retained the form of the bodies, like a mould; a bullet fell from one of the skulls, and in some the teeth were perfectly sound, 213 years after the battle. At Malton, during a recent excavation of the main street, one hundred yards of the Roman highway leading from Derby to York were laid bare, three feet below the present surface.

Scarborough is building new batteries on her castled cliff, and replacing old guns by new ones; and Hull is about to add to its resources by the construction of a new dock. The much-needed harbour of refuge is, however, not yet begun, as wrecks along the coast after easterly storms lamentably testify.

This _Month in Yorkshire_ was the second of my books of home-travel; and it was while rambling along the cliffs and over the hills of the famous county, that I conceived it possible to interest others as well as myself in the Past and the Present, in the delightful natural aspects and the wonderful industry of our native country to a yet wider extent; and therein I have not been disappointed. To the objection that my works are useless as guide-books, I answer, that no intelligent reader will find it difficult to follow my route: distances are mentioned with sufficient accuracy, the length of my longest day's walk is recorded, whereby any one, who knows his own strength, may easily plan each day's journey in antic.i.p.ation. By aid of the map which accompanies the present volume either planning or reference will now be facilitated.

Next to ourselves, there is perhaps nothing so interesting to us as our own country, which may be taken as a good reason why a book about England finds favour with readers. For my part let me repeat a pa.s.sage from the foreword to the second edition:--"I know that I have an earnest love for my subject; feeling proud of the name of Englishman, and the freedom of thought, speech, and action therein involved; loving our fields and lanes, our hills and moorlands, and the sh.o.r.es of our sea, and delighting much to wander among them. Happy shall I be if I can inspire the reader with the like emotions."

W. W

_London, March, 1861._

A MONTH IN YORKSHIRE.

CHAPTER I.

A SHORT CHAPTER TO BEGIN WITH.

I had cheerful recollections of Yorkshire. My first lessons in self-reliance and long walks were learned in that county. I could not forget how, fresh from the south, I had been as much astonished at the tall, stalwart forms of the men, their strange rustic dialect and rough manners, as by their hearty hospitality. Nor could I fail to remember the contrast between the bleak outside of certain farm-houses and the rude homely comfort inside, where a ruddy turf fire glowed on the hearth, and mutton hams, and oaten bread, and store of victual burdened the racks of the kitchen ceiling. Nor the generous entertainment of more than one old hostess in little roadside public-houses, who, when I arrived at nightfall, weary with travel, would have me sit at the end of the high-backed settle nearest the fire, or in the 'neukin' under the great chimney, and bustle about with motherly kindness to get tea ready; who, before I had eaten the first pile of cakes, would bring a second, with earnest a.s.surance that a "growing lad" could never eat too much; who talked so sympathisingly during the evening--I being at times the only guest--wondering much that I should be so far away from home: had I no friends? where was I going? and the like; who charged me only eighteenpence for tea, bed, and breakfast, and once slily thrust into my pocket, at parting, a couple of cakes, which I did not discover till half way across a snow-drifted moor, where no house was in sight for many miles. All this, and much more which one does not willingly forget, haunted my memory.

The wild scenery of the fells, the tame agricultural region, and the smoky wapentakes, where commerce erects more steeples than religion, were traversed during my rambles. While wandering in the neighbourhood of Keighley, I had seen Charlotte Bronte's birthplace, long before any one dreamed that she would one day flash as a meteor upon the gaze of the "reading public." Rosebury Topping had become familiar to me in the landscapes of Cleveland, and now a desire possessed me to get on the top of that magnificent cone. In the villages round about its base I had shared the pepper-cake of Christmas-tide; and falling in with the ancient custom prevalent along the eastern coast from Humber to Tyne, had eaten fried peas on Carlin Sunday--Mid-Lent of the calendar--ere the discovery of that mineral wealth, now known to exist in such astonishing abundance, that whether the British coal-fields will last long enough or not to smelt all the ironstone of Cleveland, is no longer a question with a chief of geologists. I had mused in the ruin where Richard the Second was cruelly murdered, at Pontefract; had looked with proper surprise at the Dropping Well, at Knaresborough, and into St. Robert's Cave, the depository of Eugene Aram's terrible secret; had walked into Wakefield, having scarcely outlived the fond belief that there the Vicar once dwelt with his family; and when the guard pointed out the summits as the coach rolled past on the way from Skipton to Kirkby Lonsdale, had no misgivings as to the truth of the saying:

"Penigent, Whernside, and Ingleborough, Are the three highest hills all England thorough."

Unawares, in some instances, I had walked across battlefields, memorable alike in the history of the county, and of the kingdom; where marauding Scots, dissolute Hainaulters, Plantagenets and Tudors, Cavalier and Roundhead had rushed to the onslaught. Marston Moor awoke the proudest emotions, notwithstanding my schoolboy recollections of what David Hume had written thereupon; while Towton was something to wonder at, as imagination flew back to the time when

"Palm Sunday chimes were chiming All gladsome thro' the air, And village churls and maidens Knelt in the church at pray'r; When the Red Rose and the White Rose In furious battle reel'd; And yeomen fought like barons, And barons died ere yield.

When mingling with the snow-storm, The storm of arrows flew; And York against proud Lancaster His ranks of spearmen threw.

When thunder-like the uproar Outshook from either side, As hand to hand they battled From morn to eventide.

When the river ran all gory, And in hillocks lay the dead, And seven and thirty thousand Fell for the White and Red.

When o'er the Bar of Micklegate They changed each ghastly head, Set Lancaster upon the spikes Where York had bleached and bled.

There still wild roses growing-- Frail tokens of the fray-- And the hedgerow green bear witness Of Towton field that day."

Did the decrepit old shambles, roofed with paving-flags, still enc.u.mber the s.p.a.cious market-place at Thirsk? Did the s.e.xton at Ripon Minster still deliver his anatomical lecture in the grim bone-house, and did the morality of that sedate town still accord with the venerable adage, "as true steel as Ripon rowels?" Was York still famous for m.u.f.fins, or Northallerton for quoits, cricket, and spell-and-nurr? and was its beer as good as when Bacchus held a court somewhere within sight of the three Ridings, and asked one of his attendants where that new drink, "strong and mellow," was to be found? and

"The boon good fellow answered, 'I can tell North-Allerton, in Yorkshire, doth excel All England, nay, all Europe, for strong ale; If thither we adjourn we shall not fail To taste such humming stuff, as I dare say Your Highness never tasted to this day.'"

Hence, when the summer sun revived my migratory instinct, I inclined to ramble once more in Yorkshire. There would be no lack of the freshness of new scenes, for my former wanderings had not led me to the coast, nor to the finest of the old abbeys--those ruins of wondrous beauty, nor to the remote dales where crowding hills abound with the picturesque. Here was novelty enough, to say nothing of the people and their ways, and the manifold appliances and results of industry which so eminently distinguish the county, and the grand historical a.s.sociations of the metropolitan city, once the "other Rome," of which the old rhymester says--

"Let London still the just precedence claim, York ever shall be proud to be the next in fame."

I was curious, moreover, to observe whether the peculiar dialect or the old habits were dying out quite so rapidly as some social and political economists would have us believe.

Quaint old Fuller, among the many nuggets imbedded in his pages, has one which implies that Yorkshire being the biggest is therefore the best county in England. You may take six from the other thirty-nine counties, and put them together, and not make a territory so large as Yorkshire.

The population of the county numbers nearly two millions. When within it you find the distances great from one extremity to the other, and become aware of the importance involved in mere dimensions. In no county have Briton, Roman, and Dane left more evident traces, or history more interesting waymarks. Speed says of it: "She is much bound to the singular love and motherly care of Nature, in placing her under so temperate a clime, that in every measure she is indifferently fruitful.

If one part of her be stone, and a sandy barren ground, another is fertile and richly adorned with corn-fields. If you here find it naked and dest.i.tute of woods, you shall see it there shadowed with forests full of trees, that have very thick bodies, sending forth many fruitful and profitable branches. If one place of it be moorish, miry, and unpleasant, another makes a free tender of delight, and presents itself to the eye full of beauty and contentive variety."

Considering, furthermore, that for two years in succession I had seen the peasantry in parts of the north and south of Europe, and had come to the conclusion (under correction, for my travel is brief) that the English labourer, with his weekly wages, his cottage and garden, is better off than the peasant proprietor of Germany and Tyrol,--considering this, I wished to prove my conclusion, and therefore started hopefully for Yorkshire.

And again, does not Emerson say, "a wise traveller will naturally choose to visit the best of actual nations."

CHAPTER II.

Estuary of the Humber--Sunk Island--Land _versus_ Water--Dutch Phenomena--Cleathorpes--Grimsby--Paul--River Freaks--Mud-- Stukeley and Drayton--Fluvial Parliament--Hull--The Thieves'