All Abrahamic religions have worried about the social evils of usury, lending at interest, that can all too easily result in the poor being driven into debt and eventual destitution. Both the Bible and the Qur'an have forthright things to say about usury, from the prohibitions of Leviticus 'Thou shalt not give him money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase' to the scathing words of the Qur'an: 'Those that live on usury shall rise up before God like men whom Satan has demented by his touch.'

As a result, Judaism, Christianity and Islam have all struggled with the ethics of advanced financial systems: the separation of money from goods, and cash from effort, and above all the social consequences of encouraging debt. The most recent manifestation of this millennial concern has been the rise of Shariah-compliant Islamic banking since the 1990s Islamic banks now offer services consistent with Islamic religious belief and social behaviour in more than sixty countries. Razi Fakih, Deputy Global CEO of HSBC Amanah, explains: Islamic finance is a very new industry. Conventional banking and finance has been around for as long as we all remember. Islamic finance started some time in the 1960s in Egypt, and I think it was only in the 1990s that it actually took off, so it's just less than two decades old in that context.

This credit card is of course the result of the growing economic importance of the Middle East. But it is also a sign of something else, because this banking development runs counter to what, throughout the twentieth century, had become a received wisdom. Most intellectuals and economists from the French Revolution onwards including Karl Marx assumed that religion would steadily dwindle as a force in public life, that in the long run the forces of God would yield to the forces of Mammon. One of the striking facts of the first decade of the twenty-first century has been the return of religion to the centre of the political and economic stage in many parts of the world. Our gold credit card is a small but significant part of a growing global phenomenon.

100.

Solar-powered Lamp and Charger.

Manufactured in Shenzhen, Guandong, China.

AD 2010.

How should this history of the world end? What single object can possibly sum up the world in 2010, embody the concerns and aspirations of humanity, speak of universal experience and at the same time be of practical, material importance to a great many of us in the world now?

With hindsight, it will of course be self-evident. The Director of the British Museum in 2110 will, I am sure, have a very clear idea of what we should have acquired to keep the story up to date, and will smile or sneer at what we have in fact chosen. By then it will be obvious what major events or developments shaped the first decades of the twenty-first century. But we have to decide in the ignorance of now.

We wondered if it should be an object from Antarctica the last place on the planet where humans have settled and now live permanently, the ultimate end of the exodus from Africa. We can live there only because of equipment we are able to make, so a suit of clothing designed for living and working in Antarctica would epitomise the paradox of man the toolmaker: it is things we make that allow us to dominate our environment, and then we come to be totally dependent on them for survival. But it seems unduly perverse to present as a climax of human endeavour clothes designed for the most inhospitable place on earth, to be worn by at most a few thousand people.

One of the most striking developments of the last decades of the twentieth century has been the migration of millions of people to cities, sometimes over huge distances. These migrants have changed the demographics of the world. They have created the totally new phenomenon of the global city, with inhabitants from every continent living closely together, mostly in relative harmony. London's residents, for example, now speak over 300 mother tongues. It is a universal fact that whatever people leave behind when they migrate, they always take with them their cooking; humanity in that respect is constant. So we thought our 100th object could be a range of cooking utensils that would give a glimpse of the astonishing variety of cultures and cuisines that now cohabit in the world's great cities. But this history has already traced cooking, eating and drinking and the growth of cities over thousands of years, and the international array of broken pots found in Kilwa (Chapter 60) reflected what even a thousand years ago was an interconnected culinary world. So no utensils.

There is one taste, however, that has become entirely global: football. The dominant flavour of 2010 was without doubt the World Cup in South Africa. Sport has long united communities, as we saw in Chapter 38 on the ceremonial ballgame belt, but now football seems to have united the world: West African stars play for English clubs owned by Russian businessmen; copies of their team shirts are manufactured in Asia and sold and worn in South America. So we have bought a football shirt for the Museum's collection. It speaks lightheartedly of the present but perhaps it tells us little of the great issues of the future.

In the end, though, we decided that the 100th object must in some sense be technological, as new devices are almost year by year changing how human beings relate to each other and how we manage our affairs. The mobile phone, or more precisely the smartphone, is a good example. It is roughly the same size as the Mesopotamian clay tablets that were humanity's first attempt to communicate at a distance, and it has transformed the skill of writing, making textspeak the new cuneiform. It links millions instantaneously across the globe, can summon huge crowds more effectively than any war-drum and, where internet access is available, opens up realms of knowledge far beyond the Enlightenment's dreams. In advanced societies life without mobile phones is now scarcely thinkable. But they depend on electricity being always available. Without electricity mobile phones are useless.

So, for our 100th object we have chosen a generator of electricity that could give the 1.6 billion people without access to an electrical grid the power they need to join this global conversation. But it does much more. It gives them a quite new level of control over their environment and could transform the way in which they can live. It is a solar-powered lamp.

The lamp that the British Museum has acquired for its collection is in fact a little kit, consisting of a plastic light containing a rechargeable six-volt battery and a separate, small photovoltaic panel. The lamp has a handle and is about the size of a large coffee mug, and the solar panel looks like a smallish silver photo frame the sort you see on a desk or a bedside table. When the solar panel is exposed to eight hours of bright Sun, the lamp can provide up to 100 hours of even, white light. At its strongest it can illuminate an entire room enough to allow a family with no electricity to live in a quite new way. The whole kit sells for about 2,250 rupees ($45), although a simple lantern costs as little as 499 rupees ($10). But once paid for, it requires only Sun.

Solar photovoltaic panels convert sunlight into electricity. If we could do this more efficiently, all our power problems would be solved. The Earth receives more solar energy in one hour than the world population consumes in an entire year. Solar panels are one of the simplest and most practical ways of harnessing the limitless energy of the Sun to provide clean, reliable and cheap power.

The panels are composed of solar cells made from silicon, which are wired together and encased in plastic and glass. When exposed to sunlight, the cells generate electricity which can charge and recharge a battery. This kit uses a range of new technologies that have recently transformed our lives: it is largely made of plastic; its photovoltaic cell depends on the silicon-chip technology that made possible personal computers and mobile phones, and the rechargeable batteries are also recent innovations. This seemingly low-tech source of energy has some astoundingly high-tech elements.

At the level of our lamp, this is a cheap and cheerful solution to basic energy needs. This technology is an economical and long-lasting source of modest energy. The 'modest' is important, because although silicon is cheap and sunshine is free, solar panels big enough to generate the huge amounts of electricity devoured every hour by rich countries would be prohibitively expensive: so, paradoxically, this technology which is costly for the rich is cheap for the poor.

Many of the world's poorest people live in the sunniest latitudes, which is why this new energy source is so important in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and tropical America. In a poor household a small number of volts can make a very big difference. If you live in the tropics without electricity, your day ends early. Light at night is supplied by candles or by kerosene lamps. Candles are dim and don't last. Kerosene is expensive it consumes on average around 20 per cent of African rural income and gives off toxic fumes. Kerosene lanterns and cooking stoves cause up to three million deaths every year, most of the dead being women, because the fumes are especially dangerous in enclosed spaces where most cooking is done. Homes are usually made of wood or other natural materials, and so are highly inflammable at constant risk from kerosene spills.

Photovoltaic solar panels change almost every aspect of this domestic existence. Freely available light at home means that children and adults can study at night, improving their education and therefore their futures. Home becomes a safer place. Larger panels can provide the heat for cooking, freeing everybody from the dangers of fumes and fire. They are also able to power fridges, televisions, computers and water pumps. Many of the defining amenities of towns can now be available to villages.

Our simple lamp kit doesn't of course do all this, but as well as light it offers something of enormous significance. Next to the socket is a symbol that is universally recognized the outline of a mobile phone. The mobile has transformed rural Africa and Asia putting communities in touch, giving access to information about jobs and markets and providing the basis for informal and highly effective banking networks, so local businesses can start up with virtually no investment.

A recent study of sardine fishermen in the state of Kerala in India showed the kind of changes mobile-phone access can make. It gave them weather information to make fishing safer and market information that reduced waste and increased profit by an average of 8 per cent. Another study, of mobile use in South Asia, reported that day labourers, farmers, prostitutes, rickshaw drivers and shopkeepers all said that their income gets a big boost when they have access to a mobile. And solar panels are making this access more and more common in the poorest rural communities of the world.

There is surely something miraculous about this technology which brings such benefits in terms of health and safety, education, communication and business. Solar panels circumvent the need for massively expensive infrastructure, and although they carry an initial cost, micro-credit schemes are increasingly available to allow the spread of payments so that lamps like ours can be paid for in instalments over one to two years from savings on kerosene. As this low-cost, clean, green technology is made available to greater numbers, it could bring enormous opportunities to the poorest people in the world.

It might also help stabilize our environment: solar power may one day be a part of the answer to our current dependence on fossil fuels and their contribution to climate change. This possibility was articulated nearly a hundred years ago by the man who more than any other deserves the credit, or the blame, for our electricity-dependent way of life Thomas Edison. This man, who developed the light bulb and other electricity-consuming devices, was an unexpected visionary for renewable energy. In 1931 he observed to his friends Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone, 'I'd put my money on the Sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.'

The power of the Sun seems a good place to end this global history. Solar energy may allow humanity to share more equally in the opportunities of life, and it has the potential to enable us all to enjoy them without damaging the planet. It is a dream of the future that echoes the deepest and most universal of human myths that of the life-giving sun. You could see our solar-powered lamp as a humble echo of this myth the fire-stealing Prometheus reduced to the role of helper in the kitchen.

Just as we learnt to preserve or bottle summer fruits so that the warmth and nourishment of summer could see us through winter, everybody has dreamt of capturing the Sun to have its light and power available at will. In Chapter 1 of this history, the Egyptian priest Hornedjitef took with him a scarab as the magical symbol of the regenerative light of the Sun, to lighten the darkness of the afterlife. Given the opportunity, he might now take a solar-powered lamp as back-up.

This 100th object brings me to the end of this particular history of the world. Other objects would have yielded different stories and taken us along different paths. The possibilities are infinite. But I hope that this book has demonstrated the power of things to connect us with unmatchable immediacy to people far distant in time and place and to allow all humanity to have a voice in our common story. Amartya Sen reflects: When we look at the history of the world, it is very important to recognize that we are not looking at the history of different civilizations truncated and separated from each other. Civilizations have a huge amount of contact, and there is a kind of inter-connectedness. I have always thought of the history of the world not as a history of civilizations but as a history of world civilizations evolving in often similar, often diverse, ways, always interacting with each other.

Above all, I hope this book has shown that the 'family of man' is not an empty metaphor, however dysfunctional that family usually is; that all humanity has the same needs and preoccupations, fears and hopes. Objects force us to the humble recognition that since our ancestors left East Africa to populate the world we have changed very little. Whether in stone or paper, gold, feathers or silicon, it is certain we will go on making objects that shape or reflect our world and that will define us to future generations.

Maps.

1 Mummy of Hornedjitef found: near Luxor, Egypt (Thebes) 2 Olduvai stone chopping tool found: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 3 Olduvai handaxe found: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 4 Swimming reindeer found: Montastruc, France 5 Clovis spear point found: Arizona, USA 6 Bird-shaped pestle found: Oro Province, Papua New Guinea (Aikora River) 7 Ain Sakhri lovers figurine found: near Bethlehem (Wadi Khareitoun, Judea) 8 Egyptian clay model of cattle found: near Luxor, Egypt (Abydos) 9 Maya maize god statue found: Copan, Honduras 10 Jomon pot found: Japan 11 King Den's sandal label found: near Luxor, Egypt (Abydos) 12 Standard of Ur found: Iraq (Royal Cemetery at Ur) 13 Indus seal found: Punjab, Pakistan (Harappa, Indus Valley) 14 Jade axe found: near Canterbury, England 15 Early writing tablet found: Iraq 16 Flood Tablet found: near Mosul, Iraq (Nineveh) 17 Rhind Mathematical Papyrus found: near Luxor, Egypt (Thebes) 18 Minoan Bull-leaper found: Crete, Greece 19 Mold gold cape found: Mold, Wales 20 Statue of Ramesses II found: near Luxor, Egypt (Thebes) 21 Lachish reliefs found: Mosul, Iraq (Palace of King Sennacherib, Nineveh) 22 Sphinx of Taharqo found: Sudan (Kawa) 23 Chinese Zhou ritual vessel found: western China 24 Paracas textile found: Paracas peninsula, Peru 25 Gold coin of Croesus minted: Turkey See next pages for objects 26100 See previous pages for objects 125 26 Oxus chariot model found: Tajikistan/Afghanistan border (Oxus River) 27 Parthenon sculpture: Centaur and Lapith made: Athens, Greece 28 Basse-Yutz flagons found: Moselle, north-eastern France 29 Olmec stone mask found: south-east Mexico 30 Chinese bronze bell found: Shanxi province, China 31 Coin with head of Alexander minted: Lapseki, Turkey (Lampsakos) 32 Pillar of Ashoka found: Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India 33 Rosetta Stone found: el-Rashid, Egypt (Rosetta (English name)) 34 Chinese Han lacquer cup found: near Pyongyang, North Korea 35 Head of Augustus found: near Shendi, Sudan (Meroe) 36 Warren Cup found: Bittir, near Jerusalem 37 North American otter pipe found: Ohio, USA (Mound City) 38 Ceremonial ballgame belt found: Mexico 39 Admonitions Scroll made: China 40 Hoxne pepper pot found: Hoxne, Suffolk, England 41 Seated Buddha from Gandhara found: Pakistan (Gandhara) 42 Gold coins of Kumaragupta I minted: India 43 Silver plate showing Shapur II made: Iran 44 Hinton St Mary Mosaic found: Hinton St Mary, Dorset, England 45 Arabian bronze hand found: Yemen 46 Gold coins of Abd al-Malik minted: Damascus, Syria 47 Sutton Hoo helmet found: Suffolk, England (Sutton Hoo) 48 Moche warrior pot found: Peru 49 Korean roof tile found: South Korea 50 Silk Princess painting found: Xinjiang province, China See next pages for objects 51100 See previous pages for objects 150 51 Maya relief of royal blood-letting found: Chiapas, Mexico (Yaxchilan) 52 Harem wall-painting fragments found: Samarra, Iraq 53 Lothair Crystal made: probably Germany 54 Statue of Tara found: Sri Lanka 55 Chinese Tang tomb figures found: Henan province, China 56 Vale of York hoard found: near Harrogate, England 57 Hedwig glass beaker made: probably Syria 58 Japanese bronze mirror found: Japan 59 Borobudur Buddha head found: Java, Indonesia (Borobudur) 60 Kilwa pot sherds found: Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania 61 Lewis Chessmen found: Isle of Lewis, Scotland 62 Hebrew astrolabe made: probably Spain 63 Ife head made: Ife, Nigeria 64 The David Vases made: Yushan County, China 65 Taino ritual seat found: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 66 Holy Thorn Reliquary made: Paris, France 67 Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy made: Istanbul, Turkey (Constantinople) 68 Shiva and Parvati sculpture found: Orissa, India 69 Sculpture of Huastec goddess found: Mexico 70 Hoa Hakananai'a Easter Island statue found: Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile 71 Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent made: Istanbul, Turkey (Constantinople) 72 Ming banknote made: China 73 Inca gold llama found: probably Peru 74 Jade dragon cup made: central Asia 75 Durer's Rhinoceros made: Nuremberg, Germany See next pages for objects 76100 See previous pages for objects 175 76 Mechanical galleon made: Augsburg, Germany 77 Benin plaque: the Oba with Europeans found: Benin, Nigeria 78 Double-headed serpent made: Mexico 79 Kakiemon elephants made: Japan 80 Pieces of eight minted: Potosi, Bolivia 81 Shi'a religious parade standard made: Iran 82 Miniature of a Mughal prince made: India 83 Shadow puppet of Bima found: Java, Indonesia 84 Mexican codex map made: Tlaxcala, Mexico 85 Reformation centenary broadsheet made: Leipzig, Germany 86 Akan drum found: Virginia, USA 87 Hawaiian feather helmet made: Hawaii, USA 88 North American buckskin map made: midwestern USA 89 Australian bark shield found: Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia 90 Jade bi made: Beijing, China 91 Ship's chronometer from HMS Beagle made: London, England 92 Early Victorian tea set made: Staffordshire, England 93 Hokusai's The Great Wave made: Japan 94 Sudanese slit drum made: central Africa 95 Suffragette-defaced penny made: England 96 Russian revolutionary plate made: St Petersburg, Russia 97 Hockney's In the Dull Village made: England 98 Throne of Weapons made: Maputo, Mozambique 99 Credit card issued from: United Arab Emirates 100 Solar-powered lamp and charger made: Shenzhen, Guandong, China

List of Objects

Object Dimensions Inventory No.

1 Mummy of Hornedjitef H: 194.5 cm / W: 60 cm .6678 2 Olduvai stone chopping tool H: 9.3 cm / W: 8.1 cm / D: 7.2 cm 1934,1214.1 3 Olduvai handaxe H: 23.8 cm / W: 10 cm / D: 5 cm 1934,1214.49 4 Swimming reindeer H: 3 cm / W: 20.7 cm / D: 2.7 cm Palart.550 5 Clovis spear point H: 2.9 cm / W: 8.5 cm / D: 0.7 cm 1962,1206.137 6 Bird-shaped pestle H:36.2 cm/ W:15 cm / D:15 cm Oc1908,0423.1 7 Ain Sakhri lovers figurine H: 10.8 cm / W: 6.2 cm / D: 3.8 cm 1958,1007.1 8 Egyptian clay model of cattle H: 10 cm / W: 30 cm / D: 15.3 cm 1901,1012.6 9 Maya maize god statue H: 90 cm / W: 54 cm /D: 36 cm Am1923,Maud.8 10 Jomon pot H: 15 cm / W: 17 cm OA+.20 11 King Den's sandal label H: 4.5 cm / W: 5.4 cm 1922,0728.2 12 Standard of Ur H: 21.5 cm / W: 12 cm / D: 49.5 cm 1928,1010.3 13 Indus seal H: 2.4 cm / W: 2.5 cm / D: 1.4 cm 1892, 1210.1 14 Jade axe H: 21.2 cm / W: 8.12 cm / D: 1.9 cm 1901, 0206.1 15 Early writing tablet H: 9.4 cm / W: 6.8 cm / D: 2.3 cm 1989,0130.4 16 Flood Tablet H: 15 cm / W: 13 cm / D: 3 cm K.3375 17 Rhind Mathematical Papyrus H: 32 cm / W: 295.5 cm 1865,0218.2 (large piece) H: 32 cm / W: 119.5 cm 1865,0218.3 (small piece) 18 Minoan Bull-leaper H: 11.1 cm / W: 4.7 cm / D: 15 cm 1966,0328.1 19 Mold gold cape H: 23.5 cm / W: 46.5 cm / D: 28 cm 1836,0902.1 20 Statue of Ramesses II H: 266.8 cm / W: 203.3 cm .19 21 Lachish reliefs H: 269.2 cm / W: 180.3 cm 1856,0909.14 22 Sphinx of Taharqo H: 40.6 cm / W: 73 cm 1932,0611.1 23 Chinese Zhou ritual vessel H: 23 cm / W: 42 cm / D: 26.8 cm 1977,0404.1 24 Paracas textile H: 8 cm / W: 8 cm Am1954,05.563 Am1954,05.565 Am1937,0213.4-5 25 Gold coin of Croesus H: 1 cm / W: 2 cm RPK,p146B.1sam 26 Oxus chariot model H: 7.5 cm / D: 19.5 cm 1897,1231.7 27 Parthenon sculpture: Centaur and Lapith H: 134.5 cm / W: 134.5 cm / D: 41.5 cm 1816,0610.12 28 Basse-Yutz Flagons H: 39.6 cm / W: 19.5 cm 1929,0511.1-2 29 Olmec stone mask H: 13 cm / W: 11.3 cm/ D: 5.7 cm Am1938,1021.14 30 Chinese bronze bell H: 55 cm / W: 39 cm / D: 31.5 cm OA1965,0612.1 31 Coin with head of Alexander W: 3 cm 1919,0820.1 32 Pillar of Ashoka H: 12.2 / W: 32.6 cm / D: 7.6 cm 1880.21 33 Rosetta Stone H: 112.3 cm / W: 75.7 cm / D: 28.4 cm .24 34 Chinese Han lacquer cup H: 6 cm / W: 17.6 cm / D: 12 cm 1955,1024.1 35 Head of Augustus H: 46.2 cm / W: 26.5 cm / D: 29.4 cm 1911,0901.1 36 Warren Cup H: 11 cm / D: 11 cm 1999,0426.1 37 North American otter pipe H: 5.1 cm / W: 10 cm / D: 3.3 cm Am,S.266 38 Ceremonial ballgame belt H: 12 cm / W: 39.5cm/ D: 50 cm Am,ST.398 39 Admonitions Scroll H: 24.3 cm / W: 343.7 cm 1903,0408,0.1 40 Hoxne pepper pot H: 10.3 cm / W: 5.7 cm / D: 4.2 cm 1994,0408.33 41 Seated Buddha from Gandhara H: 95 cm / W: 53 cm / D: 24 cm 1895,1026.1 42 Gold coins of Kumaragupta I W: 1.9 cm 1894, 0506.962 43 Silver plate showing Shapur II H: 12.8 cm / W: 11.5 cm / D: 2.6 cm 1908,1118.1 44 Hinton St Mary Mosaic H: 810 cm / W: 520 cm 1965,0409.1 45 Arabian bronze hand H: 18.5 cm / W: 11 cm / D :2.6 cm 1983, 0626.2 46 Gold coins of Abd al-Malik W: 1.9 cm 1874, 0706.1 47 Sutton Hoo helmet H: 31.8 cm / W: 21.5 cm 1939,1010.93 48 Moche warrior pot H: 22.5 cm / W: 13.6 cm / D: 13.2 cm Am,P.1 49 Korean roof tile H: 28 cm / W: 22.5 / D: 6 cm 1992,0615.24 50 Silk Princess painting H: 12 cm / W: 46 cm / D: 2.2 cm 1907,1111.73 51 Maya relief of royal blood-letting H: 109 cm / W: 78 cm / D: 6 cm Am1923,Maud.4 52 Harem wall-painting fragments H: 14.4 cm / W: 10.2 cm / D: 3 cm OA+.10621 H: 11 cm / W: 10.5 cm / D: 2.7 cm OA+.1062 53 Lothair Crystal W: 18.6 cm / D: 1.3 cm 1855,1201.5 54 Statue of Tara H: 143 cm / W: 44 cm / D:29.5 cm 1830,0612.4 55 Chinese Tang tomb figures Tallest H: 107.7 cm / W: 49 cm / D 25 cm 1936,1012.220229 and 1936,1012.231 232 56 Vale of York hoard cup H: 9.2 cm / W: 12 cm 2009,4133.77693 2009,8023.176 57 Hedwig glass beaker H: 14.3 cm / W: 13.9 cm 1959,0414.1 58 Japanese bronze mirror W: 11 cm 1927,1014.2 59 Borobudur Buddha head H: 33 cm / W: 26 cm / D: 29 cm 1859,1228.176 60 Kilwa pot sherds Largest H: 12.5 cm / W: 14 cm / D: 2.5 cm OA+ .916 61 Lewis Chessmen Tallest H: 10.3 cm 1831,1101.78-144 62 Hebrew astrolabe H: 11 cm / W: 9 cm / D: 2.1 cm 1893,0616.3 63 Ife head H: 35 cm / W:12.5 cm / D: 15 cm Af1939,34.1 64 The David Vases H: 63.6 cm PDF,B.613 -4 65 Taino ritual seat H. 22 cm / W. 14 cm / D: 44cm 1949,22.118 66 Holy Thorn Reliquary H: 30 cm / W: 14.2 cm / D: 6.8 cm WB.67 67 Icon of 'The Triumph of Orthodoxy' H: 37.8 cm / W: 31.4 cm / D: 5.3 cm 1988,0411.1 68 Shiva and Parvati sculpture H: 184.2 cm / W: 119.4 cm / D: 32 cm 1872,0701.70 69 Sculpture of Huastec goddess H: 150 cm / W: 57 cm / D: 14 cm Am,+.7001 70 Hoa Hakananai'a Easter Island statue H: 242 cm/ W: 100 cm / D: 55 cm Oc1869,1005.1 71 Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent H: 45.5 cm / W: 61.5 cm 1949,0409,0.86 72 Ming banknote H: 34 cm / W: 22.2 cm CIB,EA.260 73 Inca gold llama H. 6.3 cm/ W. 1.5cm / D. 5.5 cm Am1921,0721.1 74 Jade dragon cup H: 6.4 cm / W: 19.4 cm 1959, 1120.1 75 Durer's Rhinoceros H:24.8 cm / W:31.7 cm 1895,0122.714 76 Mechanical galleon H: 104 cm / W:78.5 cm / D: 20.3 cm 1866,1030.1 77 Benin plaque: the Oba with Europeans H: 43.5 cm / W: 41 cm / D: 10.7 cm Af1898,0115.23 78 Double-headed serpent H: 20.5 cm / W: 43.5 cm / D: 5 cm Am1894,-.634 79 Kakiemon elephants H: 35.5 cm / H: 44 cm / D: 14.5 cm 1980,0325.1-2 80 Pieces of eight W: 4 cm 1920,0907.382 1950,0805.1.

1956,0604.1.

1990,0920.31,.

1991,0102.61.

1906,1103.1951.

81 Shi'a religious parade standard H: 127 cm / W: 26.7 cm / D: 4.5 cm 1888,0901.16-17 82 Miniature of a Mughal prince H: 24.5 cm / W: 12.2 cm 1920,0917,0.4 83 Shadow puppet of Bima H: 74.5 cm / W: 43 cm As1859,1228.675 84 Mexican codex map H: 50 cm / W: 77 cm Am2006,Drg.22070 85 Reformation centenary broadsheet H: 28.4 cm / W: 34.7 cm 1880,0710.299 86 Akan drum H: 41 cm / D: 28 cm Am,SLMisc.1368 87 Hawaiian feather helmet H: 37 cm / W: 15 cm / D: 30 cm Oc, HAW.108 88 North American buckskin map H: 126 cm / W: 100 cm Am2003,19.3 89 Australian bark shield H: 97 cm / W: 29 cm Oc1978,Q.839 90 Jade bi W: 15 cm / D: 1 cm 1937,0416.140 91 Ship's chronometer from HMS Beagle H: 17.6 cm / W: 20.8 cm / D: 20.8 cm 1958, 1006.1957 92 Early Victorian tea set Tallest H: 14.4 cm / W: 17.5 cm / 10.7 cm 1909,1201.108 93 Hokusai's The Great Wave H: 25.8 cm / W: 37.9 cm 2008,3008.1 94 Sudanese slit drum H: 80 cm / W: 271 cm / D: 60 cm Af1937,1108.1 95 Suffragette-defaced penny W: 3.1 cm 1991,0733.1 96 Russian revolutionary plate W: 24.8 cm / D: 2.87 cm 1990, 0506.1 97 Hockney's In the Dull Village H: 35 cm / W: 22.5 cm 1981,1212.8.8 98 Throne of Weapons H: 101 cm / W: 61 cm Af2002,01.1 99 Credit card H: 4.5 cm / W: 8.5 cm 2009,4128.2 100 Solar-powered lamp and charger H: 17 cm / W: 12.5 cm / D: 13 cm

Bibliography

1. Mummy of Hornedjitef Taylor, John, Egyptian Mummies (London, 2010) Smith, A. S., The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt (New Haven, 1999) 2. Olduvai Stone Chopping Tool Gamble, C., Timewalkers: The Prehistory of Global Colonization (London, 1995) Schick, Kathy, and Nick Toth, 'African Origins', in C. Scarre (ed.), The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies (London, 2009), pp. 4683.

3. Olduvai Handaxe Gamble, C., Timewalkers: The Prehistory of Global Colonization (London, 1995) Stringer, Chris, Homo Britannicus: The Incredible Story of Human Life in Britain (London, 2006) 4. Swimming Reindeer Bahn, Paul, and Jean Vertut, Journey Through the Ice Age (London, 1997) Cook, Jill, The Swimming Reindeer (London, 2010) 5. Clovis Spear Point Haynes, Gary, The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era (Cambridge, 2002) Meltzer, David, First Peoples in a New World. Colonizing Ice Age America (Berkeley, 2009) 6. Bird-shaped Pestle Barker, Graeme, The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers? (Oxford, 2007) Bellwood, Paul, The First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies (Oxford, 2005) 7. Ain Sakhri Lovers Figurine Hodder, Ian, The Domestication of Europe (London, 1991) Watkins, Trevor, 'From Foragers to Complex Societies in Southwest Asia', in C. Scarre (ed.), The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies (London, 2009), pp. 20133.

8. Egyptian Clay Model of Cattle Check, Erika, 'Human Evolution: How Africa Learned to Love the Cow', Nature, 444 (2006), 9946 Wengrow, David, The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,0002,650 BC (Cambridge, 2006) 9. Maya Maize God Statue Barker, Graeme, The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers? (Oxford, 2007) Tetlock, Dennis, Popol Vuh (New York, 1996) 10. Jomon Pot Habu, Junko, Ancient Jomon of Japan (Cambridge, 2004) Kobayashi, Tatsuo, Jomon Reflections: Forager Life and Culture in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago (Oxford, 2004) 11. King Den's Sandal Label Kemp, Barry, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization (London, 2005) Wilkinson, T., Early Dynastic Egypt (London, 2001) 12. Standard of Ur Crawford, Harriet, Sumer and Sumerians (Cambridge, 2004) Zettler, Richard, and Lee Horne (eds.), Treasures from the Royal Tomb at Ur (Philadelphia, 1998) 13. Indus Seal Possehl, Gregory, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective (Walnut Creek, 2002) Wright, Rita, The Ancient Indus: Urbanism Economy and Society (Cambridge, 2010) 14. Jade Axe Edmonds, Mark, Stone Tools and Society: Working Stone in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain (London, 1995) Sheridan, Alison, 'Green Treasures from Magic Mountains', British Archaeology, 96 (2007), 227 15. Early Writing Tablet Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, When Writing Met Art: From Symbol to Story (Austin, 2007) Robinson, Andrew, The Story of Writing: Alphabets, Hieroglyphs and Pictograms (London, 2007) 16. Flood Tablet George, Andrew, The Epic of Gilgamesh (London, 2003) Mitchell, T. C., The Bible in the British Museum: Interpreting the Evidence (London, 2004) 17. Rhind Mathematical Papyrus Imhausen, Annette, Mathematics in Ancient Egypt (Princeton, 2010) Robins, Gay, and Charles Shute, The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (London, 1987) 18. Minoan Bull-leaper Fitton, J. Lesley, Minoans (London, 2002) Rice, Michael, The Power of the Bull (Oxford, 1998) 19. Mold Gold Cape Bradley, Richard, The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland (Cambridge, 2007) Needham, Stuart, 'The Development of Embossed Goldwork in Bronze Age Europe', Antiquaries Journal, 80 (2000), 2765 20. Statue of Ramesses II Tyldesley, Joyce, Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh (London, 2000) Van der Mieroop, Marc, The Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of Ramesses II (London, 2009) 21. Lachish Reliefs Collins, Paul, Assyrian Palace Sculptures (London, 2009) Collins, Paul, From Egypt to Babylon: The International Age 1550500 BC (London, 2008) 22. Sphinx of Taharqo Bonnet, Charles, and Dominique Valbelle, The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile (Cairo, 2006) Welsby, Derek, The Kingdom of Kush: The Napatan and Meroitic Empires (London, 2002) 23. Chinese Zhou Ritual Vessel Von Falkenhausen, Lothar, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000250 BC) (Los Angeles, 2006) Hsu, Cho-yun, and Katheryn Linduff, Western Chou Civilization (New Haven, 1988) 24. Paracas Textile Moseley, M. E., The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru (London, 2001) Paul, Anne, Paracas Ritual Attire: Symbols of Authority in Ancient Peru (Norman, Oklahoma, 1990) 25. Gold Coin of Croesus Seaford, Richard, Money and the Early Greek Mind: Homer, Tragedy, and Philosophy (Cambridge, 2004) Schaps, David, The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece (Michigan, 2004) 26. Oxus Chariot Model Briant, Pierre, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire (Winona Lake, 2002) Curtis, John, Ancient Persia (London, 2000) 27. Parthenon Sculpture: Centaur and Lapith Beard, Mary, The Parthenon (London, 2004) Jenkins, Ian, The Parthenon Sculptures in the British Museum (London, 2007) 28. Basse-Yutz Flagons James, Simon, The World of the Celts (London, 2005) Megaw, Ruth and Vincent, Celtic Art from Its Beginnings to the Book of Kells (London, 2001) 29. Olmec Stone Mask Diehl, Richard, The Olmecs: America's First Civilization (London, 2004) Pool, Christopher, Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica (Cambridge, 2007) 30. Chinese Bronze Bell von Falkenhausen, Lothar, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000250 BC) (Los Angeles, 2006) So, Jenny F., Music in the Age of Confucius (Washington, 2000) 31. Coin with Head of Alexander Bosworth, A. B., The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda Under the Successors (Oxford, 2005) Lane Fox, Robin, Alexander the Great (London, 2006) 32. Pillar of Ashoka Wood, Michael, The Story of India (London, 2007) Thapar, Romila, A'soka and the Decline of the Mauryas (Oxford, 1998) 33. Rosetta Stone Parkinson, Richard, The Rosetta Stone (London 2005) Thompson, Dorothy J., 'Literacy and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt', in Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf (eds.), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 1994) pp. 6783 34. Chinese Han Lacquer Cup Barbieri Low, Anthony, Artisans in Early Imperial China (Washington DC, 2007) Lewis, Mark Edward, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han (Harvard, 2007) 35. Head of Augustus Eck, W., Age of Augustus (London, 2007) Southern, Pat, Augustus (New York, 1998) 36. Warren Cup Clarke, John R., Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 BCAD 250 (Berkeley, 1998) Williams, Dyfri, The Warren Cup (London, 2006) 37. North American Otter Pipe Milner, G., The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America (London, 2004) Rafferty, Sean, and Rob Mann, Smoking and Culture: The Archaeology of Tobacco Pipes in Eastern North America (Knoxville, 2004) 38. Ceremonial Ballgame Belt Evans, Susan Toby, Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture (London, 2004) Whittington, E. Michael, The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame (London, 2001) 39. Admonitions Scroll Lewis, M. A., China Between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties (Boston, 2009) McCausland, Shane, First Masterpiece of Chinese Painting: The Admonitions Scroll (London, 2003) 40. Hoxne Pepper Pot Johns, Catherine, The Hoxne Late Roman Treasure: Gold Jewellery and Silver Plate (London, 2010) Tomber, Roberta, Indo-Roman Trade: from Pots to Pepper (London, 2008) 41. Seated Buddha from Gandhara Berendt, Karl A., The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 2007) Zwalf, Vladimir, Buddhism: Art and Faith (London, 1985) 42. Gold Coins of Kumaragupta I Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (London, 2002) Willis, Michael, The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual (Cambridge, 2009) 43. Silver Plate Showing Shapur II Daryaee, Touyaj, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (London, 2009) Harper, Prudence O., In search of a Cultural Identity: Monuments and Artefacts of the Sasanian Near East, 3rd to 7th century AD (New York, 2006) 44. Hinton St Mary Mosaic Petts, David, Christianity in Roman Britain (Stroud, 2003) Mattingly, David, An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire (London, 2007) 45. Arabian Bronze Hand Gunter, A. C. (ed.), Caravan Kingdoms: Yemen and the Ancient Incense Trade (Washington, 2005) Simpson, St John, Queen of Sheba: Treasures from Ancient Yemen (London, 2002) 46. Gold Coins of Abd al-Malik Crone, P., and M. Hinds, God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge, 2003) Robinson, Chase F., Abd al-Malik (Oxford, 2005) 47. Sutton Hoo Helmet Carver, Martin, Sutton Hoo: Burial Ground of Kings (London, 2000) Campbell, James, The Anglo Saxons (London, 1991) Marzinzik, Sonja, The Sutton Hoo Helmet (London, 2007) 48. Moche Warrior Pot Bawden, G., The Moche (Cambridge, 1999) Bourget, S., and K. L. Jones (eds.), The Art and Archaeology of the Moche (Austin, 2008) 49. Korean Roof Tile Nelson, Sarah Milledge, The Archaeology of Korea (Cambridge, 1993) Portal, Jane, Korea: Art and Archaeology (London, 2000) Seth, Michael J., A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period to the Nineteenth Century (Lanham, 2006) 50. Silk Princess Painting Baumer, Christoph, The Southern Silk Road: In the Steps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin (Bangkok, 2000) Vainker, S., Chinese Silk: A Cultural History (London, 2004) 51. Maya Relief of Royal Blood-letting Grube, Nilolai, and Simon Martin, Chronicle of the Mayan Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya (London, 2008) Freidel, David, and Linda Schele, A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (London, 1990) 52. Harem Wall-painting Fragments Irwin, Robert, The Arabian Nights: A Companion (London: 2009) Robinson, C. F., A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra (Oxford, 2001) 53. Lothair Crystal Kornbluth, Genevra, Engraved Gems of the Carolingian Empire (Pennsylvania, 1995) McKitterick, Rosamund, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751987 (London/New York, 1983) 54. Statue of Tara Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (London, 2002) De Silva, K. M., A History of Sri Lanka (Berkeley, 1981) 55. Chinese Tang Tomb Figures Michaelson, Carol, and Jane Portal, Chinese Art in Detail (London, 2006) Benn, Charles, China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty (Westport, 2002) 56. Vale of York Hoard Ager, B., and G. Williams, The Vale of York Hoard (London, 2010) Holman, Katherine, The Northern Conquest: Vikings in Britain and Ireland (Oxford, 2002) Graham-Campbell, J., and G. Williams (ed.), Silver Economy in the Viking Age (California, 2007) 57. Hedwig Glass Beaker Klaniczay, Gabor, Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe (Cambridge, 2002) Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford, 2001) 58. Japanese Bronze Mirror Morris, Ivan, World of the Shining Prince (New York, 1994) Shikibu, Murasaki, et al., Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan (New York, 2003) 59. Borobudur Buddha Head Grabsky, P., The Lost Temple of Java (London, 1999) Lockard, C., Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford, 2009) 60. Kilwa Pot Sherds Horton, M. C., and J. Middleton, The Swahili (Oxford, 2000) Mitchell, P., African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World (Maryland, 2005) 61. Lewis Chessmen Robinson, James, The Lewis Chessmen (London, 2004) McDonald, Andrew R., The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard c.1100 c.1336 (Edinburgh, 1997) 62. Hebrew Astrolabe Lowney, Chris, A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians and Jews in Medieval Spain (Oxford, 2005) Webster, Roderick and Marjorie, Western Astrolabes (Chicago, 1998) 63. Ife Head Davidson, Basil, West Africa before the Colonial Era (London/New York, 1998) Platte, Editha, Bronze Head from Ife (London, 2010) 64. The David Vases Carswell, John, Blue & White: Chinese Porcelain Around the World (London, 2000) Brook, Timothy, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (California, 1999) 65. Taino Ritual Seat Oliver, Jose R., Caciques and Cemi Idols (Tuscaloosa, 2009) Wilson, Samuel M., The Archaeology of the Caribbean (Cambridge, 2007) 66. Holy Thorn Reliquary Cherry, John, The Holy Thorn Reliquary (London, 2010) Benedicta Ward, Relics and the Medieval Mind (Malden/Oxford/Victoria, 2010) 67. Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy Cormack, Robin, Icons (London, 2007) Herrin, Judith, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (London, 2007) 68. Shiva and Parvati Sculpture Blurton, Richard, Hindu Art (London, 1992) Elgood, Heather, Hinduism and the Religious Arts (London, 1999) 69. Sculpture of Huastec Goddess Evans, Susan Toby, Ancient Mexico and Central America (London, 2004) McEwan, Colin, Ancient American Art in Detail (London, 2009) 70. Hoa Hakananai'a Easter Island Statue Hooper, S., Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia 17601860 (London, 2006) Van Tilburg, Jo Anne, Hoa Hakananai'a (London, 2004) 71. Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent Inalcik, Halil, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 13001600 (Burtonsville, 2001) Rogers, J. M., and R. M. Ward, Suleyman the Magnificent (London, 1988) 72. Ming Banknote Clunas, Craig, Empire of Great Brightness: Visual and Material Cultures of Ming China 13681644 (London, 2007) Brook, Timothy, Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties (Harvard, 2010) 73. Inca Gold Llama D'Altroy, Terence N., The Incas (Oxford, 2002) McEwan, Colin, Precolumbian Gold: Technology, Style and Iconography (London, 2000) 74. Jade Dragon Cup Forbes Manz, Beatrice, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane (Cambridge, 1989) Forbes Manz, Beatrice, Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran (Cambridge, 2007) 75. Durer's Rhinoceros Bartrum, Giulia, Albrecht Durer and his Legacy: the Graphic Work of a Renaissance Artist (London, 2002) Bendini, Silvio A., The Pope's Elephant (Austin, 1997) 76. The Mechanical Galleon Evans, R. J. W., Rudolf II and his World: A Study in Intellectual History 15761612 (Oxford, 1973) Wolfe, Jessica, Humanism, Machinery and Renaissance Literature (Cambridge, 2004) 77. Benin Plaque: The Oba with Europeans Plankensteiner, Barbara, Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria (Paris/Berlin, 2007) Girshick Ben-Amos, P., The Art of Benin (London, 1995) 78. Double-headed Serpent Evans, Susan Toby, Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History (London, 2004) McEwan, C., et al., Turquoise Mosaics from Mexico (London, 2006) 79. Kakiemon Elephants Impey, Oliver, Japanese Export Porcelain (Amsterdam, 2002) Cullen, A. M., A History of Japan 15821941: Internal and External Worlds (Cambridge, 2003) 80. Pieces of Eight Stein, S. J. and B. H., Silver, Trade and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 2000) Vilar, P., A History of Gold and Money (London/New York, 1991) Elliott, John Huxtable, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 14921830 (New Haven, 2007) 81. Shi'a Religious Parade Standard Canby, Sheila R., Shah 'Abbas: The Remaking of Iran (London, 2009) Axworthy, Michael, A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind (New York, 2010) 82. Miniature of a Mughal Prince Canby, Sheila R., Princes, Poets and Paladins: Islamic and Indian Paintings from the Collection of Prince and Princess Sadruddin Aga Khan (London, 1998) Stronge, Susan, Painting for the Mughal Emperor: The Art of the Book 15601660 (London, 2002) 83. Shadow Puppet of Bima Scott-Kemball, Juene, Javanese Shadow Puppets (London, 1970) Tarling, Nicholas (ed.), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol. 1, Part 2 (Cambridge, 1992) 84. Mexican Codex Map Brotherston, Gordon, Painted Books from Mexico (London, 1995) Edgerton, S. Y., Theaters of Conversion: Religious Architecture and Indian Artisans in Colonial Mexico (Albuquerque, 2001) 85. Reformation Centenary Broadsheet Wilson, Peter H., Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War (London, 2010) Pettegree, Andrew, Reformation and the Culture of Persuasion (Cambridge, 2005) MacCulloch, Diarmaid, The Reformation: A History (London, 2003) 86. Akan Drum Reindorf, Carl C., History of the Gold Coast and Asante (Accra, 2007) McCaskie, T. C., State and Society in Pre-colonial Asante (Cambridge, 1995) 87. Hawaiian Feather Helmet Lummis, Trevor, Pacific Paradises: The Discovery of Tahiti and Hawaii (Sutton, 2005) Forbes, David W., Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and its People, 17781941 (Honolulu, 1992) 88. North American Buckskin Map Richter, Daniel K., Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Harvard, 2001) Warhus, Mark, Another America: Native American Maps and the History of Our Land (New York, 1997) 89. Australian Bark Shield Nugent, Maria, Cook Was Here (Cambridge, 2009) Flood, Josephine, The Original Australians (Crows Nest, 2004) 90. Jade Bi Elliott, Marc C., The Qianlong Emperor: Son of Heaven, Man of the World (Harlow, 2009) Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Jade: From the Neolithic to the Qing (London, 1995) 81. Ship's Chronometer from HMS Beagle Andrewes, W. (ed.), The Quest for Longitude (London, 1996) Glennie, P., and N. Thrift, Shaping the Day: A History of Timekeeping in England and Wales 13001800 (Oxford, 2009) 92. Early Victorian Tea Set Macfarlane, A. and I., Green Gold: The Empire of Tea (London, 2004) Dolan, Brian, Josiah Wedgwood, Entrepreneur to the Enlightenment (London, 2008) 93. Hokusai's The Great Wave Huffman, James L., Japan in World History (Oxford, 2010) Bouquillard, Jocelyn, Hokusai's Mount Fuji: The Complete Views in Color (New York, 2007) 94. Sudanese Slit Drum Green, Dominic, Three Empires on the Nile (New York, 2007) Johnson, Douglas H., The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars (Oxford, 2002) 95. Suffragette-defaced Penny Phillips, Melanie, The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas Behind It (London, 2004) Liddington, Jill, Rebel Girls: How Votes for Women Changed Edwardian Lives (London, 2006) 96. Russian Revolutionary Plate King, David, Red Star Over Russia: A Visual History of the Soviet Union (London, 2010) Rudoe, Judy, Decorative Arts 18501950: The British Museum Collection (London, 1994) 97. Hockney's In the Dull Village Livingstone, Marco, David Hockney (World of Art Series)(London, 1993) Cavafy, C. P., Collected Poems, ed. George Savvidis, trans. Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard (Princeton, 1992) 98. Throne of Weapons Bocola, S. (ed.), African Seats (London, 2002) Nordstrom, C., A Different Kind of War Story (Philadelphia, 1997) 99. Credit Card Ritzer, George F., Explorations in the Sociology of Consumption: Fast Food, Credit Cards and Casinos (Thousand Oaks, 2001) Maurer, Bill, Mutual Life Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason (Princeton, 2005) 100. Solar-powered Lamp and Charger de Bruijn, Mirjam, Francis Nyamnjoh and Inge Brinkman (eds.), Mobile Phones: The New Talking Drums of Everyday Africa (Bamenda and Leiden, 2009) MacKay, David J. C., Sustainable Energy Without the Hot Air (Cambridge, 2008) Boyle, Godfrey, Renewable Energy (2nd edn, Oxford 2004) Grimshaw, David J., and Sian Lewis, 'Solar Power for the Poor: Facts and Figures', 24th March 2010: www.scidev.net/en/features/solar-power-for-the-poor-facts-and-figures-1.html

References.

p. 43 Randall-MacIver, David, and Arthur Mace, El Amrah and Abydos 18991901: Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 23 (London, 1902) p. 52 Tedlock, D., Popul Vuh (2nd edn; London, 1996) p. 230 Plautus, Curculio, translated in Dyfri Williams, The Warren Cup (London, 2006) p. 243 Fray Diego Duran, Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar, translated and edited Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden (Oklahoma, 1971), p. 316 p. 268 Romantic Legends of Sakya Buddha: A Translation of the Chinese Version of the Abhiniskramana Sutra, Samuel Beal (original edition1875; reprinted Kila, MT, 2003), p. 130 p. 321 Hsuan-tang, Great Tang Records of the Western Regions, translated in Aurel Stein, Sand-Buried Ruins of Ancient Khotan (London, 1904; reprinted New Delhi, 2000), p. 229 p. 324 Stein, Aurel, Sand-Buried Ruins of Ancient Khotan (London, 1904; reprinted New Delhi, 2000), P. 251 p. 328 Stephens, John Lloyd, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan (New York, 1841) p. 330 Diego de Landa, Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan, translated in William Gates, Yucatan Before and After the Conquest (New York, 1978) p. 333 Haddawy, H. (trans.), The Arabian Nights: Based on the Text Edited by Muhsin Mahdi (New York, 2008), p. 153 p. 336 Al-Shbushti, Abal-Hasan Ali b. Muhammad, Kitb al-Diyrt, ed. K. 'Awwd (Baghdad, 1986), pp. 16061; translated in Alastair Northedge, 'The Palaces of the Abbasids at Samarra', in Chase F. Robinson (ed.), A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XIV (Oxford, 2001), 2967 p. 338 Ibn al-Mu'tazz, 'Abd Allah, Dwn (Cairo, 1977), vol. 2, p. 217; translated in Julie Scott-Meisami, 'The Palace Complex as Emblem: Some Samarran Qadas', in Chase F. Robinson (ed.), A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XIV (Oxford, 2001), 6978 p. 341 The Chronicle of Waulsort, translated in Genevra Kornbluth, Engraved Gems of the Carolingian Empire (Pennsylvania, 1995), p. 33 p. 344 Sedulius Scottus, De Rectoribus Christianis, translated in Genevra Kornbluth, Engraved Gems of the Carolingian Empire (Pennsylvania, 1995), p. 47 p. 364 Ibn Fadlan, Ahmad, Kitb il Mulk al-Saqliba, translated in J. Brnsted, The Vikings (London, 1960), p. 265 p. 373 kagami, the Great Mirror: Fujiwara Michinaga (9661027) and His Times, translated Helen Craig McCullough (Princeton, 1980), p. 86 p. 375 From the diary of Murasaki Shikidu', translated in Annie Shepley Omori and Koci Doi, Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan (Boston, 1920) p. 380 Raffles, Thomas Stamford, The History of Java, vol. 2 (1817) p. 387 Correa, Gaspar, The Three Sea Voyages of Vasco de Gama (London, 18690, pp. 2912 p. 395 Clancy, T. O., The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry AD 5501350 (Edinburgh, 1998), p. 288 p. 420 Bartolome de las Casas, Historia de las Indias, translated in Jose R. Oliver, Caciques and Cemi Idols (Tuscaloosa, 2009), p. 83 p. 446 Bernardino de Sahagun, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espana (1550), translated as Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, by C. E. Dibble and A. J. O. Andrerseon (Salt Lake City, 195082), vol. 1, p. 23 p. 468 Translated in Felicia J. Hecker, 'A fifteenth-century Chinese Diplomat in Herat', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, third series, 3 (1993), 8598 p. 474 Garcilaso de la Vega ('el Inca'), Comentarios reales de los Incas (1609), translated as: H. V. Livermore, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and general History of Peru (Austin, 1966), vol. 1, pp. 36062 p. 475 Ibid., p. 550 p. 486 Antonio Sanfelice, translated in Silvio A. Bendini, The Pope's Elephant (Manchester, 1997), p. 129 p. 494 Translated in J. J. Leopold, 'The Construction of Schlottheim's Nef', in J, Fritsch (ed.), Ships of Curiosity: Three Renaissance Automata (Paris, 2001), at pp. 689 pp. 499500 Dapper, Olfert, Description of Benin, translated in Henry Ling Roth, Great Benin: Its Customs, Arts and Horrors (Halifax, 1903), p. 160 p. 501 Read, C. H., and O. M. Dalton, 'Works of Art from Benin City', Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 27 (1898), 36282 p. 507 (1) Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, translated A. P. Maudslay (New York, 1956), p. 190 p. 507 (2) Fray Diego Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana, y Islas de la Tierra Firme, translated in Michael E. Smith, 'The Role of Social Stratification in the Aztec Empire: A View from the Provinces', American Anthropologist, 88 (1986), 7091 p. 513 Letter of Filippo Sassetti, translated in R.W. Lightbown, 'Oriental Art in Late Renaissance and Baroque Italy', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 32 (1969), pp. 22879 p. 518 Alvaro Alonso Barba, El Arte de los Metales (The Art of Metals) (1640) translated in A Collection of Scarce and Valuable Treatises Upon Metals, Mines, and Minerals (1738, reprinted 2008) p. 51819 Capoche, Luis, Relacion general de la Villa Imperiale de Potosi (1585), translated in P. Vilar, A History of Gold and Money (London, 1991), p. 127 P. 522 Gonsalez de Cellorigo, Memorial de la Politica necesaria y util a la Republica de Espana (Valladolid, 1600) translated in Jon Cowans, Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History (Philadelphia, 2003), pp.13341 p. 535 The Tzuk-i-Jahangiri, or Memoirs of Jahangir, translated Alexander Rogers (London, 190914), vol. 1, p. 37 p. 5356 (1) The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul 16151619, as Narrated in His Journal and Correspondence, edited by William Foster (London, 1899), vol. 2., p. 382 p. 536 (2) The Tzuk-i-Jahangiri, or Memoirs of Jahangir, translated by Alexander Rogers (London, 190914), vol. 1, p. 355 p. 5489 Letter of Juan de Zumarraga, translated in Martin Austin Nesvig, 'The "Indian Question" and the Case of Tlatelolco', in Martin Austin Nesvig (ed.), Local Religion in Colonial Mexico (Alburquerque, 2006), p. 79 p. 558 John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Huddersfield, 1796), pp. 910 p. 5634 Chambers, Ephraim, Cyclopaedia; or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London, 1728), vol. 2, p. 623 p. 57071 Samwell, David, A Narrative of the Death of Captain James Cook (London, 1786) p. 575 Published in American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States from the Second Session of the Eleventh to the Third Session of the Thirteenth Congress Inclusive, Class ii: Indian Affairs (Washington, 1834), pp. 33940 p. 577 Diagram from Lewis, G. Malcom, 'An Early Map of Skin of the Area Later to Become Indiana and Illinois', British Library Journal, 22 (1996), 66-87 p. 602 Johnson, Samuel, 'Review of "A Journal of Eight Days Journey" ', The Literary Magazine, 2, no.13 (1757) p. 603 English translation of Geijer quoted in Alan and Iris Macfarlane, Green Gold: The Empire of Tea (London, 2003), pp. 712 p. 605 H. Evershed, 'The Farming of Surrey', Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1st series, 14 (1853), pp. 4023 p. 611 Online source: http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/japan/japanworkbook/modernhist/perry.html#document p. 6212 'Scrapbook for 1912: Vera Brittain Introduces Dame Ethel Smyth', National Programme (BBC, first broadcast 9 March 1937) p. 623 Female Suffrage: A Letter from the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P. to Samuel Smith, M. P. (London, 1892) p. 624 (1) Transcript of a speech made by Christabel Pankhurst, 1908 (Copyright British Library) p. 624 (2) Mary Richardson quoted in 'National Gallery Outrage. Suffragist Prisoner in Court. Extent of Damage', The Times, 11 March 1914 p. 631 Letter from the State Porcelain Factory, 4 June 1920, translated in Tamara Kudryavtseva, Circling the Square: Avant-garde Porcelain from Revolutionary Russia (London, 2004), p. 27 p. 637 Cavafy, Constantine, 'In the Dreary Village', translated by John Mavrogordato (London, 1974) p. 638 Hockney, David, Hockney by Hockney (London, 1979), p. 23.

Picture Credits and Text Acknowledgements.

p. 167 (tomb of Cyrus) copyright Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd / Alamy p. 189 (La Venta) copyright Danita Delimont / Alamy p. 246 (Two ballplayers at the court of King Charles V, by Christoph Weiditz (1528)) photograph courtesy of Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg p. 275 (Neasden temple) copyright David Churchill / arcaidimages.com p. 381 (Borobodur) copyright ImageState / Alamy p. 383 (ship detail from Borobodur) copyright Wolfgang Kaehler / Alamy p. 429 (Sainte-Chapelle window) photograph Bernard Acloque copyright Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris p. 526 (interior of cathedral at Isfahan) copyright Arkreligion.com / Michael Good p. 529 (detail of mosque at Isfahan ) copyright Arkreligion.com / Tibor Bognar p. 551 (pilgrims at Virgin of Guadalupe) copyright Juan Barreto / AFP / Getty Images p. 588 (the Qianlong emperor) reproduced courtesy of the Palace Museum, Beijing p. 590 (the Qianlong emperor's white bowl) reproduced courtesy of the Palace Museum, Beijing p. 625 (50p coin) reproduced by courtesy of the Royal Mint

Acknowledgements.

A History of the World in 100 Objects has been created in partnership with BBC Radio 4. Without Mark Damazer's championing, this project would not have happened. I would like to extend my warmest thanks to him.

I am grateful to Jane Ellison, Commissioning Editor at Radio 4 and Joanna Mackle, Director of Public Engagement at the British Museum, for bringing the BBC and BM together to realize the full potential of this ambitious project, not just on Radio 4. My extended thanks to Rob Ketteridge and the BBC editorial and production team in the Documentaries Unit, BBC Audio & Music Production Philip Sellars, Anthony Denselow, Paul Kobrak, Rebecca Stratford, Jane Lewis and Tamsin Barber for bringing the programmes to life so vividly on radio.

Although I appear as the author of the series and this book, they are in fact the work of many hands. A History of the World in 100 Objects has been in every sense a team effort, which would not have been possible without the knowledge and skills, hard work and dedication of many colleagues. This book is the culmination of many people's work, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank those who were most closely connected with the project. For their extensive curatorial research and guidance: J. D. Hill, Barrie Cook and Ben Roberts; for working closely with me and the curatorial team in shaping the scripts for broadcast on which these chapters are based, Patricia Wheatley; for managing the History of the World project at the British Museum, including this book, Emma Kelly; for their support in every element of this book and the wider project, Rosalind Winton and Becky Allen; for their boundless patience, my closest colleagues Kate Harris, Polly Miller and Lisa Shaw, and my Deputy Director Andrew Burnett.

I should also like to thank curatorial colleagues and the scientists and conservation experts whose research and knowledge underpin every chapter in this book. Thanks to the Museum Assistants who have given their time to provide ongoing and unprecedented access to these objects over the last few years and to the photography team for the images in this book.

I would like to thank the many people who have contributed to the wider project and its groundbreaking website. It is due to the energy, dedication and support of Museum professionals and BBC teams across England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland that the ideas which underpin this project have reached such a wide audience.

My thanks too must be extended to CBBC, who worked in partnership with the Museum to bring thirteen of the objects from the series to life for children in a unique series of TV programmes, supported by a schools initiative.

From the British Museum, I would like to thank Hannah Boulton, Frances Carey, Sara Carroll, Katie Childs, Matthew Cock, Holly Davies, Sonia D'Orsi, Rosemary Folkes, David Francis, Lynne Harrison, Caroline Ingham, Rosanna Kwok, Susan La Niece, Ann Lumley, Sarah Marshall, Pippa Pearce, David Prudames, Susan Raikes, Olivia Rickman, Margaux Simms, Clare Tomlinson and Simon Wilson.

From the BBC, I would like to thank Seamus Boyd, Claire Burgoyne, Katherine Campbell, Andrew Caspari, Tony Crabb, Sian Davis, Craig Henderson, Susan Lovell, Christina Macaulay, Claire McArthur, Kathryn Morrison, Jamie Rea, Angela Roberts, Paul Sargeant, Gillian Scothern, Shauna Todd and Christine Woodman.

And finally, my thanks to Stuart Proffitt, Publishing Director of Allen Lane, who was able to re-imagine this series as a book, and to the team at Penguin: Andrew Barker, James Blackman, Janet Dudley, Richard Duguid, Caroline Hotblack, Claire Mason, Donna Poppy, Jim Stoddart, Shan Vahidy and especially John Gribbin, who did much of the work turning the radio scripts into book prose.

A special debt of thanks to all the outside contributors to the series and the book, whose voices have so enriched our understanding of the objects and who have given so generously of their time, knowledge and insight. It has not been possible, for reasons of space, to include all the radio contributions in the book, but that does not lessen my gratitude for them.