(5) John Hunter, On the Digestion of the Stomach after Death, first edition, pp. 183-188.

(6) Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden, pp. 448-453. London, 1799.

CHAPTER V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

(1) Baron de Cuvier's Theory of the Earth. New York, 1818, p. 123.

(2) On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation of Orchidex and Asclepiadea, by Robert Brown, Esq., in Miscellaneous Botanical Works. London, 1866, Vol. I., pp. 511-514.

(3) Justin Liebig, Animal Chemistry. London, 1843, p. 17f.

CHAPTER VI. THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

(1) "Essay on the Metamorphoses of Plants," by Goethe, translated for the present work from Grundriss einer Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, by Friederich Dannemann (2 vols.). Leipzig, 1896, Vol. I., p. 194.

(2) The Temple of Nature, or The Origin of Society, by Erasmus Darwin, edition published in 1807, p. 35.

(3) Baron de Cuvier, Theory of the Earth. New York, 1818, p.74. (This was the introduction to Cuvier's great work.)

(4) Robert Chambers, Explanations: a sequel to Vestiges of Creation.

London, Churchill, 1845, pp. 148-153.

CHAPTER VII. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

(1) Condensed from Dr. Boerhaave's Academical Lectures on the Theory of Physic. London, 1751, pp. 77, 78. Boerhaave's lectures were published as Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis Morbis, Leyden, 1709. On this book Van Swieten wrote commentaries filling five volumes. Another very celebrated work of Boerhaave is his Inst.i.tutiones et Experimenta Chemic, Paris, 1724, the germs of this being given as a lecture on his appointment to the chair of chemistry in the University of Leyden in 1718.

(2) An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccine, etc., by Edward Jenner, M.D., F.R.S., etc. London, 1799, pp. 2-7. He wrote several other papers, most of which were communications to the Royal Society. His last publication was, On the Influence of Artificial Eruptions in Certain Diseases (London, 1822), a subject to which he had given much time and study.

CHAPTER VIII. NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

(1) In the introduction to Corvisart's translation of Avenbrugger's work. Paris, 1808.

(2) Laennec, Traite d'Auscultation Mediate. Paris, 1819. This was Laennec's chief work, and was soon translated into several different languages. Before publishing this he had written also, Propositions sur la doctrine midicale d'Hippocrate, Paris, 1804, and Memoires sur les vers visiculaires, in the same year.

(3) Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air and its Respiration, by Humphry Davy. London, 1800, pp. 479-556.

(4) Ibid.

(5) For accounts of the discovery of anaesthesia, see Report of the Board of Trustees of the Ma.s.sachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 1888.

Also, The Ether Controversy: Vindication of the Hospital Reports of 1848, by N. L Bowditch, Boston, 1848. An excellent account is given in Littell's Living Age, for March, 1848, written by R. H. Dana, Jr. There are also two Congressional Reports on the question of the discovery of etherization, one for 1848, the other for 11852.

(6) Simpson made public this discovery of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in a paper read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, in March, 1847, about three months after he had first seen a surgical operation performed upon a patient to whom ether had been administered.

(7) Louis Pasteur, Studies on Fermentation. London, 1870.

(8) Louis Pasteur, in Comptes Rendus des Sciences de L'Academie des Sciences, vol. XCII., 1881, pp. 429-435.

CHAPTER IX. THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

(1) Bell's communications were made to the Royal Society, but his studies and his discoveries in the field of anatomy of the nervous system were collected and published, in 1824, as An Exposition of the Natural System of Nerves of the Human Body: being a Republication of the Papers delivered to the Royal Society on the Subject of the Nerves.

(2) Marshall Hall, M.D., F.R.S.L., On the Reflex Functions of the Medulla Oblongata and the Medulla Spinalis, in Phil. Trans. of Royal Soc., vol. x.x.xIII., 1833.