24. Baruch Spinoza, A Theologica-Political Treatise (trans. R.H.M. Elwes) (New York, 1951), p.6.

25. Quoted in Pelikan, Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture, p.6o.

26. Ibid. p. 11 o.

27. Quoted in Sherwood Eliot Wirt (ed.) Spiritual Awakening: Cla.s.sic Writings of the eighteenth century devotions to inspire and help the twentieth century reader (Tring, 1988), p.9.

28. Albert C. Outler, (ed.), John Wesley: Writings, 2 Vols. (Oxford and New York, 1964), pp. 194-6.

29. Pelikan, Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture, p. 125.

30. Ibid. p. 126.

31. Quoted in George Tickell SJ, The Life of Blessed Margaret Mary (London, 1890), p.2s8.

32. Ibid. p.221.

33. Samuel Shaw, Communion with G.o.d, quoted in Albert C. Outler, 'Pietism and Enlightenment: Alternatives to Tradition' in Louis Dupre and Don E. Saliers (eds.), Christian Spirituality: Post Reformation and Modern (New York and London, 1989), p.245.

34. Ibid, p.248.

35. Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, Revolutionary Millennarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1970 edn.), p.172.

36. Ibid. p.173.

37. Ibid.p.i74.

38. Ibid. p.29O.

39. Ibid, p.303.

40. Ibid. p.3O4.

41. Ibid. p.305.

42. Quoted in Wirt (ed.) Spiritual Awakening, p.110.

43. Quoted in ibid, p.113.

44. Alan Heimart Religion and the American Mind. From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1968), p.43.

45. 'An Essay on the Trinity' quoted in ibid, pp.62-3.

46. Quoted in ibid, p.101.

47. Remarks of Alexander Gordon and Samuel Quincey quoted in ibid. p.167.

48. Gershom Scholem, Sabbati Sevi, (Princeton, 1973).

49. Quoted in Gershom Scholem, 'Redemption Through Sin', in The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality (New York, 1971), p. 124.

50. Ibid. p. 130.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid. p. 136.

54. Quoted in Scholem, 'Neutralisation of Messianism in Early Hasidism' in ibid. p. 190.

55. Scholem, 'Devekut or Communion with G.o.d' in ibid. p.2O7- 56. Louis Jacobs, 'The Uplifting of the Sparks', in Arthur Green (ed.) Jewish Spirituality 2 Vols, (London, 1986, 1988), II, pp.i 18-121.

57. Ibid. p.125.

58. Scholem, 'Devekuth' in The Messianic Idea in Judaism, pp.226-7.

59. Arthur Green, 'Typologies of leadership and the Hasidic Zadd.i.c.k' in Jewish Spirituality II, p.i32.

60. Sifra De-Zeniuta (trans. R.J. Za. Werblowsky) in Louis Jacobs, (ed.) The Jewish Mystics (Jerusalem, 1976 and London, 1990), p.171.

61. Ibid. p. 174.

62. Arnold H. Toynbee, A Study of History, 12 Vols (Oxford 1934-61), X, p.128.

63. Albert Einstein, 'Strange is Our Situation Here on Earth' in Jaroslav Pelikan (ed.) Modern Religious Thought (Boston, 1990), p.204.

64. Quoted in Rachel Elin, 'HaBaD: the Contemplative Ascent to G.o.d' in Green (ed.) Jewish Spirituality II, p.161.

65. Ibid. p. 196.

66. Quoted in Michael J. Buckley, At the Origins of Modern Atheism (New Haven and London, 1987), p.225.

67. 'A Letter to the Blind for Those Who See' in Margaret Jourdain (trans, and ed.) Diderot's Early Philosophical Works (Chicago, 1966), PP.113-14.

68. Paul Heinrich Dietrich, Baron d'Holbach, The System of Nature: or Laws of the Moral and Physical World (trans. H.D. Robinson) 2 Vols (New York, 1835), I, p.22.

69. Ibid. II, p.227.

70. Ibid. I, p. 174.

71. Ibid. II, p.232.

10 - The Death of G.o.d?

1. M. H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York, 1971), p.66.

2. November 22, 1817, in The Letters of John Keats (ed. H.E. Rollins) 2 Vols (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1958), pp.184-5.

3. To George and Thomas Keats, December 21 (27?), 1817 in ibid, p.191.

4. The Prelude II, 256-64.

5. 'Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey,' 37-49.

6. 'Expostulation and Reply'; 'The Tables Turned'.

7. 'Tintern Abbey', 94-102.

8. 'Ode To Duty'; The Prelude XII, 316.

9. 'Introduction' to The Songs of Experience, 6-10.

10. Jerusalem 33:1-24.

11. Ibid. 96:23-8.

12. F.D.E. Schliermacher, The Christian Faith (trans. H. R. Mackintosh and J.S. Steward) (Edinburgh, 1928).

13. Ibid. p.12.

14. Albert Ritschl, Theology and Metaphysics (2nd edn.) (Bonn, 1929), p.29- 15. Quoted in John Macquarrie, Thinking About G.o.d (London, 1978), p.i62.

16. 'Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of the Right" {!} in jaroslav Pelikan (ed.) Modern Religious Thought (Boston, 1990), p.80.

17. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science (New York, 1974), No. 125.

18. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Antichrist in The Twilight of the G.o.ds and The Antichrist (trans. R. J. Hollingdale), (London, 1968), p.163.

19. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion (standard edition), p.56.

20. Friedrich Neitzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, A Book for Every One and No One (trans. R.J. Hollingdale, London, 1961), p.217.

21. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam liv, 18-20.

22. Quoted by William Hamilton in 'The New Optimism - From Prufrock to Ringo' in Thomas J. J. Altizer and William Hamilton (eds.) Radical Theology and the Death of G.o.d (New York and London, 1966).

23. Michael Gilsenan, Recognizing Islam, Religion and Society in the Modern Middle East (London and New York, 1985 edn.), p-38.

24. Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt 2 Vols (New York, 1908), II, p.146.

25. Roy Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, Religion and Politics in Iran (London, 1985), pp. 183-4.

26. Risalat al-Tawhid, quoted in Majid Fakhry, A History of Islamic Philosophy (New York and London, 1971), p-378.

27. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957), p-95- 28. Ibid. p. 146, also pp. 123-160 for the a.n.a.lysis of Al-Azhar.

29. Quoted in Eliezer Schweid, The Land of Israel: National Home or Land of Destiny (trans. Deborah Greniman) (New York, 1985), p.i58. Kabbalistic terms in italics.

30. Ibid. p. 143.

31. 'Avodah', 1-8, trans, by T. Carmi (ed. and trans.) The Penguin Book of Hebrew erse (London, 1981), p-534- 32. 'The Service of G.o.d', quoted in Ben Zion Bokser (ed. and trans.) TheEssential Writings of Abraham Isaac Kook (Warwick N.Y., 1988), p.50.

33. Elie Weisel, Night (trans. Stella Rodway) (Harmondsworth, 1981), P.45.

34. Ibid, pp.76-7.

11 - Has G.o.d a Future?

1. Peter Berger, A Rumour of Angels (London, 1970), p.58.

2. A.J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (Harmondsworth, 1974) p.152.

3. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Belief and History (Charlottesville, 1985), p.10.

4. Thomas J.J. Altizer, The Gospel of Christian Atheism (London, 1966), P.136.

5. Paul Van Buren, The Secular Meaning of the Gospel (London, 1963), P.138.

6. Richard L. Rubenstein, After Auschwitz, Radical Theology and Contemporary Judaism (Indianapolis, 1966), pa.s.sim.

7. Paul Tillich, Theology and Culture (New York and Oxford,) 1964, P.129.

8. Alfred North Whitehead, 'Suffering and Being' in Adventures of Ideas (Harmondsworth, 1942), pp. 191-2.

9. Process and Reality (Cambridge, 1929), p.497.

10. Ali Shariati, Hajj (trans. Laleh Bakhtiar), (Teheran, 1988), p.46.

11. Ibid. p.48.

12. Martin Buber, 'Gottesfinsternis, Betrachtungen zur Beziehung zwischen Religion und Philosophic', quoted in Hans Kung, Does G.o.d Exist? An Answer for Today (trans. Edward Quinn), (London, 1978), p.508.

13. Quoted in Raphael Mergui and Philippa Simmonot, Israel's Ayatollahs; Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel (London, 1987), P.43.

14. Personal responsibility is also important in Christianity, of course, but Judaism and Islam have stressed it by their lack of a mediating priesthood, a perspective that was recovered by the Protestant reformers.

15. Philipp Frank, Einstein: His Life and Times (New York, 1947), pp. 189-90.