[611] In America the German p.r.o.nunciation is at present universal among mathematicians, as in the case of most other German names. This is due, no doubt, to the great influence that Germany has had on American education in the last fifty years.

[612] The latest transliteration is substantially K'ung-fu-tz[vu].

[613] The tendency seems to be, however, to adopt the forms used of individuals or places as rapidly as the ma.s.s of people comes to be prepared for it. Thus the spelling Leipzig, instead of Leipsic, is coming to be very common in America.

[614] Sir Edward c.o.ke (1552-1634), the celebrated jurist.

[615] Dethlef Cluvier or Cluver (d. 1708 at Hamburg) was a nephew, not a grandson, of Philippe Cluvier, or Philipp Cluver (1580-c. 1623). Dethlef traveled in France and Italy and then taught mathematics in London. He wrote on astronomy and philosophy and also published in the _Acta Eruditorum_ (1686) his _Schediasma geometric.u.m de nova infinitorum scientia_. _Quadratura circuli infinitis modis demonstrata_, and his _Monitum ad geometras_ (1687). Philippe was geographer of the Academy of Leyden. His _Introductionis in universam geographiam tam veterem quam novam libri s.e.x_ appeared at Leyden in 1624, about the time of his death.

[616] See Vol. I, page 124, note 7 {248}.

[617] Bernard Nieuwentijt (1654-1718), a physician and burgomaster at Purmerend. His _Considerationes circa a.n.a.lyseos ad quant.i.tates infinite parvas applicatae Principia et Calculi Differentialis usum_ (Amsterdam, 1694) was attacked by Leibnitz. He replied in his _Considerationes secundae_ (1694), and also wrote the _a.n.a.lysis Infinitorum, seu Curvilineorum Proprietates ex Polygonorum Natura deductae_ (1695). His most famous work was on the existence of G.o.d, _Het Regt Gebruik der Werelt Beschouwingen_ (1718).

[618] "From a given line to construct" etc.

[619] "Pirates do not fight one another."

[620] Claude Mallemens (Mallement) de Messanges (1653-1723) was professor of philosophy at the College du Plessis, in Paris, for 34 years. The work to which De Morgan refers is probably the _Fameux Probleme de la quadrature du cercle, resolu geometriquement par le cercle et a ligne droite_ that appeared in 1683.

[621] On Tycho Brahe see Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.

[622] Wilhelm Frederik von Zytphen also published the _Tidens Strom_, a chronological table, in 1840. The work to which De Morgan refers, the _Solens Bevaegelse i Verdensrummet_, appeared first in 1861. De Morgan seems to have missed his _Nogl Ord om Cirkelens Quadratur_ which appeared in 1865, at Copenhagen.

[623] James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897), professor of natural philosophy at University College, London (1837-1841), professor of mathematics at the University of Virginia (1841-1845), actuary in London (1845-1855), professor of mathematics at Woolwich (1877-1884) and at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (1877-1884), and Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford (1884-1894).

[624] See Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.

[625] See Vol. II, page 205, note 349.

[626] See Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.

[627] See Vol. I, page 46, note 1 {42}.

[628] See Vol. II, page 183, note 318.

[629] See Vol. I, page 321, note 2 {691}.

[630] James Mill, born 1773, died 1836.

[631] See Vol. II, page 3, note 11.

[632] See Vol. II, page 3, note 13.

[633] See Vol. II, page 3, note 14.

[634] This anecdote is printed at page 4 (Vol. II); but as it is used in ill.u.s.tration here, and is given more in detail, I have not omitted it.--S.E. De M.

[635] See Vol. II, page 4, note 15.

[636] See Vol. I, page 382, note 13 {786}.

[637] "Monsieur, (a + b^{n})/n = x, whence G.o.d exists; answer that!"

[638] "Monsieur, you know very well that your argument requires the development of x according to integral powers of n."

[639] See Vol. I, page 153, note 4 {337}.

[640] Thomas Love Peac.o.c.k (1785-1866) an English novelist and poet.

[641] Perhaps Dr. Samuel Warren (1807-1877), the author of _Ten Thousand a Year_ (serially in Blackwood's in 1839; London, 1841).

[642] See Vol. I, page 255, note 6 {584}.

[643] "From many, one; much in little; Ultima Thule (the most remote region); without which not."

[644] Spurius Maelius (fl. 440 B. C.), who distributed corn freely among the poor in the famine of 440 B. C. and was a.s.sa.s.sinated by the patricians.

[645] Spurius Ca.s.sius Viscellinus, Roman consul in 502, 493, and 486 B. C.

Put to death in 485.

[646] "O what a fine bearing, he said, that has no brain."

[647] Sir William Rowan Hamilton. See Vol. I, page 332, note 4 {709}.

[648] William Allen Whitworth, the author of the well-known _Choice and Chance_ (Cambridge, 1867), and other works.

[649] James Maurice Wilson, whose _Elementary Geometry_ appeared in 1868 and went through several editions.

[650] See Vol. II, page 183, note 315.

[651] "Force of inertia conquered," and "Victory in the whole heavens."

[652] "With all his might."

[653] George Berkeley (1685-1753), Bishop of Cloyne, the idealistic philosopher and author of the _Principles of Human Knowledge_ (1710), _The a.n.a.lyst, or a Discourse addressed to an Infidel Mathematician_ (1734), and _A Defense of Freethinking in Mathematics_ (1735). He a.s.serted that s.p.a.ce involves the idea of movement without the sensation of resistance. s.p.a.ce sensation less than the "minima sensibilia" is, therefore, impossible. From this he argues that infinitesimals are impossible concepts.

[654] See Vol. I, page 85, note 2 {129}.

[655] See Vol. I, page 81, note 6 {120}.

[656] Edwin Dunkin revised Lardner's _Handbook of Astronomy_ (1869) and Milner's _The Heavens and the Earth_ (1873) and wrote _The Midnight Sky_ (1869).

[657] Michael Faraday (1791-1867) the celebrated physicist and chemist. He was an a.s.sistant to Sir Humphrey Davy (1813) and became professor of chemistry at the Royal Inst.i.tution, London, in 1827.

[658] "If you teach a fool he shows no joyous countenance; he cordially hates you; he wishes you buried."

[659] "Every man is an animal, Sortes is a man, therefore Sortes is an animal."