[275] This is Frederick C. Bakewell. He had already published _Natural Evidence of a Future Life_ (London, 1835), _Philosophical Conversations_ (London, 1833, with other editions), and _Electric Science_ (London, 1853, with other editions).

[276] Henry F. A. Pratt had already published _A Dissertation on the power of the intercepted pressure of the Atmosphere_ (London, 1844) and _The Genealogy of Creation_ (1861). Later he published a work _On Orbital Motion_ (1863), and _Astronomical Investigations_ (1865).

[277] See Vol. I, page 260, note 1 {591}.

[278] Thomas Rawson Birks (1810-1883), a theologian and controversialist, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and (1872) professor of moral philosophy in that university. He wrote _Modern Rationalism_ (1853), _The Bible and Modern Thought_ (1861), _The First Principles of Moral Science_ (1873), and _Modern Physical Fatalism and the Doctrine of Evolution_ (1876), the last being an attack on Herbert Spencer's _First Principles_.

[279] Pseudonym for William Thorn. In the following year (1863) he published a second work, _The Thorn-Tree: being a History of Thorn Worship_, a reply to Bishop Colenso's work ent.i.tled _The Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua critically examined_.

[280] Besides _The Pestilence_ (1866) he published _The True Church_ (1851), _The Church and her destinies_ (1855), _Religious reformation imperatively demanded_ (1864), and _The Bible plan unfolded_ (second edition, 1872).

[281] See Vol. II, page 97, note 195.

[282] Sir George Cornewall Lewis (1806-1863) also wrote an _Essay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages_ (1835), an _Essay on the Government of Dependencies_ (1841), and an _Essay on Foreign Jurisdiction and the Extradition of Criminals_ (1859). He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1855 and Home Secretary in 1859.

[283] Henry Malden (1800-1876), a cla.s.sical scholar, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and professor of Greek at University College (1831-1876), then (1831) the University of London. He wrote a _History of Rome to 390 B. C._ (1830), and _On the Origin of Universities and Academical Degrees_ (1835).

[284] Henry Longueville Mansel (1820-1871), theologian and metaphysician, reader in theology at Magdalen College, Oxford (1855), and professor of ecclesiastical history and Dean of St. Paul's (1866). He wrote on metaphysics, and his Bampton Lectures (1858) were reprinted several times.

[285] "Hejus gave freely, gave freely. G.o.d is propitious, G.o.d is favorable to him who gives freely. G.o.d is honored with a banquet of eggs at the cross roads, the G.o.d of the world. G.o.d, with benignant spirit, desired in sacrifice a goat, a bull to be carried within the precincts of the holy place. G.o.d, twice propitiated, blesses the pit of the sacred libation."

[286] Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-355 B. C.) had much to do with the early scientific astronomy of the Greeks. The fifth book of Euclid is generally attributed to him. His astronomical works are known chiefly through the poetical version of Aratus mentioned in note 13, page 167.

[287] Simplicius, a native of Cilicia, lived in the 6th century of our era.

He was driven from Athens by Justinian and went to Persia (531), but he returned later and had some fame as a teacher.

[288] See Vol. I, page 160, note 3 {348}.

[289] See Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.

[290] "Through right and wrong."

[291] "It is therefore to arrive at this parallelism, or to preserve it, that Copernicus feared to be obliged to have recourse to this equal and opposite movement which destroys the effect which he attributed so freely to the first, of deranging the parallelism."

[292] A contemporary of Plato and a disciple of Aristotle.

[293] Meton's solstice, the beginning of the Metonic cycles, has been placed at 432 B. C. Ptolemy states that he made the length of the year 365 + 1/72 days.

[294] Aratus lived about 270 B. C., at the court of Antigonus of Macedonia, and probably practiced medicine there. He was the author of two astronomical poems, the [Greek: Phainomena], apparently based on the lost work of Eudoxus, and the [Greek: Dioseeia] based on Aristotle's _Meteorologica_ and _De Signis Ventorum_ of Theophrastus.

[295] "The nineteen (-year) cycle of the shining sun."

[296] Claudius Salmasius (1588-1653), or Claude Saumaise, was a distinguished cla.s.sicist, and professor at the University of Leyden. The word [Greek: eleioio] means Elian, thus making the phrase refer to the brilliant one of Elis.

[297] Sir William Brown (1784-1864). In 1800 the family moved to Baltimore, and there the father, Alexander Brown, became prominent in the linen trade.

William went to Liverpool where he acquired great wealth as a merchant and banker. He was made a baronet in 1863.

[298] Robert Lowe (1811-1892), viscount Sherbrooke, was a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford (1835). He went to Australia in 1842 and was very successful at the bar. He returned to England in 1850 and became leader writer on the _Times_. He was many years in parliament, and in 1880 was raised to the peerage.

[299] See Vol. I, page 42, note 4 {24}.

[300] Francis Walkingame (fl. about 1751-1785), whose _Tutor's a.s.sistant_ went through many editions from 1751-1854.

[301] Davies Gilbert (1767-1839). His family name was Giddy, but he a.s.sumed his wife's name. He sat in parliament from 1806 to 1832. In 1819 he secured the establishment of the Cape of Good Hope observatory. He was Treasurer (1820-1827) and President (1827-1830) of the Royal Society.

[302] See Vol. I, page 55, note 2 {63}.

[303] Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock (1783-1870) entered parliament in 1831 and was knighted in 1834.

[304] Joseph Hume (1777-1855) entered parliament in 1812 and for thirty years was leader of the Radical party.

[305] "What! when I say, 'Nicole, bring me my slippers,' is that prose?"

[306] Captain Basil Hall (1788-1844), a naval officer, carried on a series of pendulum observations in 1820-1822, while on a cruise of the west coast of North America. The results were published in 1823 in the _Philosophical Transactions_. He also wrote two popular works on travel that went through numerous editions.

[307] Anthony Ashley Cooper (1801-1885), Earl of Shaftesbury. His name is connected with philanthropic work and factory legislation.

[308] See Vol. I, page 207, note 12 {469}.

[309] See Vol. I, page 80, note 5 {119}.

[310] Sir Thomas Maclear (1794-1879), an Irishman by birth, became Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope in 1833. He was an indefatigable observer. He was knighted in 1860.

[311] Thomas Romney Robinson (1792-1882), another Irish astronomer of prominence. He was a deputy professor at Trinity College, Dublin, but took charge of the Armagh observatory in 1823 and remained there until his death.

[312] Sir James South (1785-1867) was in early life a surgeon, but gave up his practice in 1816 and fitted up a private observatory. He contributed to the science of astronomy, particularly with respect to the study of double stars.

[313] Sir John Wrottesley (1798-1867), second Baron Wrottesley. Like Sir James South, he took up the study of astronomy after a professional career,--in his case in law. He built a private observatory in 1829 and made a long series of observations, publishing three star catalogues. He was president of the Astronomical Society from 1841 to 1843, and of the Royal Society from 1854 to 1857.

[314] He seems to have written nothing else.

[315] See Vol. II, page 68, note 147.

[316] "The wills are free, and I wish neither the one nor the other."

[317] "The force of inertia conquered."

[318] Reddie also wrote _The Mechanics of the Heavens_, referred to later in this work. He must not be confused with Judge James Reddie (1773-1852), of Glasgow, who wrote on international law, although this is done in the printed edition of the British Museum catalogue, for he is mentioned by De Morgan somewhat later as alive in 1862.

[319] Henry Dunning Macleod (1821-1902), a lawyer and writer on political economy, was a Scotchman by birth. He wrote on economical questions, and lectured on banking at Cambridge (1877) and at King's College, London (1878). He was a free lance in his field, and was not considered orthodox by the majority of economists of his time. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the chairs of political economy at Cambridge (1863), Edinburgh (1871), and Oxford (1888).

[320] See Vol. I, page 252, note 2 {576}.

[321] Francis Henry Laing (1816-1889) was a graduate of Queen's College, Cambridge, and a clergyman in the Church of England until 1846, when he entered the Church of Rome. He taught in various Jesuit colleges until 1862, when his eccentricity was too marked to warrant the Church in allowing him to continue. He published various controversial writings during his later years. Of course if he had known the works of Wessel, Gaus, Buee, Argand, and others, he would not have made such a sorry exhibition of his ignorance of mathematics.

[322] See Vol. I, page 329, note 1 {705}. The book went into a second edition in 1864.

[323] Thomas Weddle (1817-1853) was, at the time of publishing this paper, a teacher in a private school. In 1851 he became professor of mathematics at Sandhurst. He contributed several papers to the _Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal_, chiefly on geometry.