[179] See Vol. I, page 326, note 1 {700}.

[180] "With great honor."

[181] Apparently unknown to biographers. He seems to have written nothing else.

[182] Captain Marryat (1792-1848) published _Snarley-yow, or the Dog Fiend_ in 1837.

[183] He is not known to biographers, and published nothing else under this name.

[184] See Vol. I, page 80, note 5 {119}.

[185] He published a _Family and Commercial Ill.u.s.trated Almanack and Year Book ... for 1861_ (Bath, 1860).

[186] Louis Dutens (1730-1812) was born at Tours, but went to England as a young man. He made the first collection of the works of Leibnitz, against the advice of Voltaire, who wrote to him: "Les ecrits de Leibnitz sont epars comme les feuilles de la Sybille, et aussi obscurs que les ecrits de cette vieille." The work appeared at Geneva, in six volumes, in 1769.

[187] Mungo Park (1771-1806), the first European to explore the Niger (1795-6). His _Travels in the Interior of Africa_ appeared in 1799. He died in Africa.

[188] Gerhard Mercator (1512-1594) the well-known map maker of Louvain. The "Mercator's Projection" was probably made as early as 1550, but the principle of its construction was first set forth by Edward Wright (London, 1599).

[189] Quirico Barilli Filopanti wrote a number of works and monographs. He succeeded in getting his _Cesare al Rubicone_ and _Degli_ _usi idraulici della Tela_ in the _Memoria letta ... all' Accademia delle Scienze in Bologna_ (1847, 1866). He also wrote _Dio esiste_ (1881), _Dio Liberale_ (1880), and _Sunto della memoria sulle geuranie ossia di alcune singolari relazioni cosmiche della terra e del cielo_ (1862).

[190] The periods of disembodiment may be interesting. They will be seen from the following dates: Descartes (1596-1650), William III (1650-1702); Roger Bacon (1214 to c. 1294), Boccaccio (1313-1375). Charles IX was born in 1550 and died in 1574.

[191] His real name was Frederick Parker, and he wrote several works on the Greek language and on religion. Among these were a translation of the New Testament from the Vatican MS. (1864), _The Revealed History of Man_ (1854), _An Enquiry respecting the Punctuation of Ancient Greek_ (1841), and _Rules for Ascertaining the sense conveyed in Ancient Greek Ma.n.u.scripts_ (1848, the seventh edition appearing in 1862).

[192] See Vol. I, page 352, second note 1 {736}.

The literature on the subject of the Great Pyramid, considered from the standpoint of metrology, is extensive.

[193] See Vol. I, page 80, note 5 {119}.

[194] Sir Philip Francis (1740-1818) was a Whig politician. The evidence that he was the author of the _Letters of Junius_ (1769-1772) is purely circ.u.mstantial. He was clerk in the war office at the time of their publication. In 1774 he was made a member of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and was a vigorous opponent of Warren Hastings, the two fighting a duel in 1780. He entered parliament in 1784 and was among the leaders in the agitation for parliamentary reform.

[195] Mrs. Cottle published a number of letters that attracted attention at the time. Among these were letters to the emperor of France and king of Sardinia (1859) relating to the prophecies of the war between France and Austria; to G. C. Lavis and Her Majesty's Ministers (1859) relating to her claims as a prophetess; and to the "Crowned Heads" at St. James, the King of Prussia, and others (1860), relating to certain pa.s.sages of Scripture.

She also wrote _The Lamb's Book of Life for the New Jerusalem Church and Kingdom, interpreted for all nations_ (1861).

[196] See Vol. I, page 315, note 2 {685}, and Vol. II, page 58, note 109.

[197] A Congregational minister, who published a number of sermons, chiefly obituaries, between 1804 and 1851. His _Frailty of Human Life_, two sermons delivered on the occasion of the death of Princess Charlotte, went through at least three editions.

[198] He was secretary of the Congregational Board and editor of the _Congregational Year Book_ (from 1846) and the _Congregational Manual_.

[199] Frederick Denison Maurice (1805-1872) began his preaching as a Unitarian but entered the Established Church in 1831, being ordained in 1834. He was professor of English and History at King's College, London, from 1840 to 1853. He was one of the founders of Queen's College for women, and was the first princ.i.p.al of the Working Men's College, London. The subject referred to by De Morgan is his expression of opinion in his _Theological Essays_ (1853) that future punishment is not eternal. As a result of this expression he lost his professorship at King's College. In 1866 he was made Knightbridge Professor of Casuistry, Moral Theology, and Moral Philosophy at Cambridge.

[200] See Vol. I, page 46, note 1 {42}. Besides the books mentioned in this list he wrote _The Ratio between Diameter and Circ.u.mference demonstrated by angles, and Euclid's Theorem, Proposition 32, Book I, proved to be fallacious_ (Liverpool, 1870). This is the theorem which a.s.serts that the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles, and that the sum of the interior angles equals two right angles. He also published his _Curiosities of Mathematics_ in 1870, a work containing an extensive correspondence with every one who would pay any attention to him. De Morgan was then too feeble to show any interest in the final effort of the subject of some of his keenest satire.

[201] See Vol. I, page 332, note 4 {709}.

[202] See Vol. I, page 101, note 4 {174}.

[203] "The circle-squaring disease"; literally, "the circle-measuring disease."

[204] See Vol. II, page 63, note 136.

[205] William Rutherford (c. 1798-1871), teacher of mathematics at Woolwich, secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society, editor of _The Mathematician_, and author of various textbooks. _The Extension of [pi] to 440 places_, appeared in the _Proceedings_ of the Royal Society in 1853 (p.

274).

[206] Charles Knight (1791-1873) was a.s.sociated with De Morgan for many years. After 1828 he superintended the publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, to which De Morgan contributed, and he edited the _Penny Cyclopedia_ (1833-1844) for which De Morgan wrote the articles on mathematics.

[207] Sir William Hamilton. See Vol. I, page 112, note 7 {211}.

[208] Adam Smith (1723-1790) was not only known for his _Wealth of Nations_ (1776), but for his _Theory of Moral Sentiments_ (1759), published while he was professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow (1752-1764). He was Lord Rector of the university in 1787.

[209] See Vol. I, page 332, note 4 {709}.

[210] "Whip."

[211] "Terrible lash."

[212] "An accomplished fact [an accomplished fault]."

[213] See _Extracts from the Diary and Letters of Mrs. Mary Cobb_, London, 1805.

[214] "Gentle in manner."

[215] "Brave in action." The motto of Earl Newborough was "Suaviter in modo, fort.i.ter in re."

[216] "Reduction to an absurdity," a method of proof occasionally used in geometry and in logic.

[217] "He has lost the right of being moved (struck) by evidence."

[218] For _radix quadratus_. The usual root sign is supposed to be derived from _r_ (for radix), and at one time _q_ was commonly used for square, as in Viete's style of writing Aq for A^2.

[219] The Garde Douloureuse was a castle in the marches of Wales and received its name because of its exposure to attacks by the Welsh.

[220] "Out of the fight."

[221] "Hidden."

[222] John Cam Hobhouse (1786-1869), Baron Broughton, was committed to Newgate for two months in 1819 for his anonymous pamphlet, _A Trifling Mistake_. This was a great advertis.e.m.e.nt for him, and upon his release he was at once elected to parliament for Westminster. He was a strong supporter of all reform measures, and was Secretary for War in 1832. He was created Baron Broughton de Gyfford in 1851.

[223] Thomas Erskine (1750-1823), the famous orator. He became Lord Chancellor in 1806, but sat in the House of Commons most of his life.

[224] The above is explained in the MS. by a paragraph referring to some anagrams, in one of which, by help of the orthography suggested, a designation for this cyclometer was obtained from the letters of his name.--S. E. De M.

[225] "A personal verb agrees with its subject."

[226] See Vol. I, page 326, note 1 {700}.