213. The Asterisk, or Star *

may be employed to refer from the text to a note of explanation at the foot of a column, or at the end of a letter. [***] Three stars are sometimes used to call particular attention to a paragraph.

[PAPER MADE OF COTTON RAGS A.D. 1000.]

214. Hints upon Spelling

The following rules will be found of great a.s.sistance in writing, because they relate to a cla.s.s of words about the spelling of which doubt and hesitation are frequently felt:

i. All words of one syllable ending in _l_, with a single vowel before it, have double _l_ at the close; as, _mill_, _sell_.

ii. All words of one syllable ending in _l_, with a double vowel before it, have one _l_ only at the close: as, _mail_, _sail_.

iii. Words of one syllable ending in _l_, when compounded, retain but one _l_ each; as, _fulfil_, _skilful_.

iv. Words of more than one syllable ending in _l_ have one _l_ only at the close; as, _delightful_, _faithful_; except _befall_, _downfall_, _recall_, _unwell_, &c.

v. All derivatives from words ending in _l_ have one _l_ only; as, _equality_, from _equal_; _fulness_, from _full_; except they end in _er_ or _ly_; as, _mill_, _miller_; _full_, _fully_.

vi. All participles in _ing_ from verbs ending in _e_ lose the _e_ final; as _have, having; amuse, amusing;_ unless they come from verbs ending in double _e_, and then they retain, both; as, _see, seeing; agree, agreeing._

vii. All adverbs in _ly_ and nouns in _ment_ retain the _e_ final of the primitives; as, _brave, bravely; refine, refinement;_ except _acknowledgment, judgment,_ &c.

viii. All derivatives from words ending in _er_ retain the _e_ before the _r;_ as, _refer, reference;_ except _hindrance,_ from _hinder; remembrance_ from _remember; disastrous_ from _disaster; monstrous_ from _monster; wondrous_ from _wonder; c.u.mbrous_ from _c.u.mber,_ &c.

ix. Compound words, if both end not in _i_, retain their primitive parts entire; as, _millstone, changeable, graceless;_ except _always, also, deplorable, although, almost, admirable,_ &c.

x. All words of one syllable ending in a consonant, with a single vowel before it, double that consonant in derivatives; as, _sin, sinner; ship, shipping; big, bigger; glad, gladder,_ &c.

xi. Words of one syllable ending in a consonant, with a double vowel before it, do not double the consonant in derivatives: as, _sleep, sleepy; troop, troopers._

xii. All words of more than one syllable ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as, _commit, committee; compel, compelled; appal, appalling; distil, distiller._

xiii. Nouns of one syllable ending in _y_ preceded by a consonant, change _y_ into _ies_ in the plural; and verbs ending in _y_, preceded by a consonant, change _y_ into _ies_ in the third person singular of the present tense, and into _ied_ in the past tense and past participle, as, _fly, flies; I apply, he applies; we reply, we replied, or have replied._ If the _y_ be preceded by a vowel, this rule is not applicable; as _key, keys; I play, he plays;_ we have _enjoyed_ ourselves.

xiv. Compound words whose primitives end in _y_ change _y_ into _i_; as, _beauty, Beautiful; lovely, loveliness._

215. H or no H? That is the Question.

Few things point so directly to the want of _cultivation_ as the misuse of the letter H by persons in conversation. We hesitate to a.s.sert that this common defect in speaking indicates the absence of _education_--for, to our surprise, we have heard even educated persons frequently commit this common, and vulgar error. Now, for the purpose of a.s.sisting those who desire to improve their mode of speaking, we intend to tell a little story about our next door neighbour, Mrs.

Alexander Hitching,--or, as she frequently styled herself, with an air of conscious dignity, Mrs. HALEXANDER 'ITCHING. Her husband was a post-captain of some distinction, seldom at home, and therefore Mrs.

A. H. (or, as she rendered it, Mrs. H. I.) felt it inc.u.mbent upon herself to represent her own dignity, and the dignity of her husband also. Well, this Mrs. Hitching was a next-door neighbour of ours--a most agreeable lady in many respects, middle aged, good looking, uncommonly fond of talking, of active, almost of fussy habits, very good tempered and good natured, but with a most unpleasant habit of misusing the letter H to such a degree that our sensitive nerves have often been shocked when in her society. But we must beg the reader, if Mrs. H. should be an acquaintance of his, not to breathe a word of our having written this account of her--or there would be no limit to her "_h_indignation." And, as her family is very numerous, it will be necessary to keep the matter as quiet as can be, for it will scarcely be possible to mention the subject anywhere, without "'orrifying" some of her relations, and instigating them to make Mrs. H. become our "_h_enemy," instead of remaining, as we wish her to do, our intimate friend.

One morning, Mrs. H. called upon me, and asked me to take a walk, saying that it was her _h_object to look out for an 'ouse, as her lease had nearly terminated; and as she had often heard her dear 'Itching say that he would like to settle in the neighbourhood of 'Ampstead 'Eath, she should like me to a.s.sist her by my judgment in the choice of a residence.

"I shall he most happy to accompany you," I said.

"I knew you would," said she; "and I am sure a _h_our or two in your society will give me pleasure. It's so long since we've 'ad a gossip. Besides which, I want a change of _h_air."

I glanced at her peruke, and for a moment laboured under the idea that she intended to call at her hairdresser's; but I soon recollected.

"I suppose we had better take the _h_omnibus," she remarked, "and we can get out at the foot of the 'ill."

I a.s.sented, and in a few minutes we were in the street, in the line of the omnibus, and one of those vehicles soon appearing--

"Will you 'ail it?" inquired she.

So I hailed it at once, and we got in. Now Mrs. H. was so fond of talking that the presence of strangers never restrained her--a fact which I have often had occasion to regret. She was no sooner within the omnibus than she began remarking upon _h_inconveaience of such vehicles, because of their smallness, and the _h_insolence of many of the conductors. She thought that the proprietors ought only to 'ire men upon whose civility they could depend. Then she launched out into larger topics--said she thought that the _H_emperor of _H_austria--(here I endeavoured to interrupt her by asking whether she had any idea of the part of Hampstead she would like; but she would complete her remarks by saying)--must be as 'appy as the days are long, now that the _H_empress had presented him with a _hare_ to the throne! (Some of the pa.s.sengers smiled, and turning round, looked out of the windows.)

I much wished for our arrival at the spot where we should alight, for she commenced a story about an 'andsome young nephew of hers, who was a distinguished _h_officer of the _h_army. This was suggested to her, no doubt, by the presence in the omnibus of a fine-looking young fellow with a moustache. She said that at present her nephew was stationed in _h_ireland; but he expected soon to be _h_ordered to South _H_africa.

The gentleman with the moustache seemed much amused, and smilingly asked her whether her nephew was at all _h_ambitious? I saw that he (the gentleman with the moustache) was jesting, and I would have given anything to have been released from the unpleasant predicament I was in. But what was more annoyance when Mrs. H. proceeded to say to this youth, whose face was radiant with humour, that it was the 'ight of her nephew's _h_ambition to serve his country in the _h_our of need; and then she proceeded to ask her fellow-traveller his opinion, of the _h_upshot of the war--remarking that she 'oped it would soon be _h_over!

At this moment I felt so nervous that I pulled out my handkerchief, and endeavoured to create a diversion by making a loud nasal noise, and remarking that I thought the wind very cold, when an accident happened which took us all by surprise: one of the large wheels of the minibus dropped off, and all the pa.s.seigers were jostled down into a corner but, fortunately without serious injury. Mrs. H., however, happening to be under three or four persons, raised a loud cry for "'elp! 'elp!" She was speedily got out, when she a.s.sured us that she was not 'urt; but she was in such a state of _h_agitation that she wished to be taken to a chemist's shop, to get some _h_aromatic vinegar, or some _Hoe_ de Cologne! The chemist was exceedingly polite to her, for which she said she could never express her _h_obligations--an a.s.sertion which seemed to me to be literally true. It was some time before she resumed her accustomed freedom of conversation; but as we ascended the hill she explained to me that she should like to take the house as tenant from '_ear_ to _'ear!_--but she thought landlords would _h_object to such an agreement, as when they got a good tenant they liked to 'old 'im as long as they could. She expressed an opinion that 'Amstead must be very 'ealthy, because it was so 'igh _h_up.

We soon reached the summit of the hill, and turned through a lane which led towards the Heath, and in which villas and cottages were smiling on each side. "Now, there's a _h_elegant little place!" she exclaimed, "just suited to my _h_ideas--about _h_eight rooms and a _h_oriel _h_over the _h_entrance." But it was not to let--so we pa.s.sed on.

Presently, she saw something likely to suit her, and as there was a bill in the window, "To be let--Enquire Within," she gave a loud rat-a-tat-tat at the door.

The servant opened it.

"I see this 'ouse is to let."

"Yes, ma'am, it is; will you walk in?"

"'Ow many rooms are there?"

"Eleven, ma'am; but if you will step in, mistress will speak to you."

A very graceful lady made her appearance at the parlour door, and invited us to step in. I felt exceedingly nervous, for I at once perceived that the lady of the house spoke with that accuracy and taste which is one of the best indications of refinement.

"The house _is_ to let--and a very pleasant residence we have found it."

"'Ave you _h_occupied it long?"

"Our family has resided here for more than nine years."

"Then, I suppose, your lease 'as run _h_out!"

"No! we have it for five years longer: but my brother, who is a clergyman, has been appointed to a living in Yorkshire, and for his sake, and for the pleasure of his society, we desire to remove."

"Well--there's nothing like keeping families together for the sake of 'appiness. Now there's my poor dear 'Itching" [There she paused, as if somewhat affected, and some young ladies who were in the room drew their heads together, and appeared to consult about their needlework; but I saw, by dimples upon their cheeks, which they could not conceal, that they were smiling], "'e's 'itherto been _h_at 'ome so seldom, that I've 'ardly _h_ever known what 'appiness _h_is."

I somewhat abruptly broke in upon the conversation, by suggesting that she had better look through the house, and inquire the conditions of tenancy. We consequently went through the various rooms, and in every one of them she had "an _h_objection to this,"

or "a 'atred for that," or would give "an 'int which might be useful" to the lady when she removed. The young ladies were heard t.i.ttering very much whenever Mrs. H. broke out, in a loud voice, with her imperfect elocution, and I felt so much annoyed, that I determined to cure her of her defective speaking.